Ivan Pavlov
Coined classical conditioning
Pavlov’s Dogs
Experiment where dogs were classically conditioned to salivate at a bell ringing
Classical Conditioning
Process wherre stimulus elicits a once-neutral response
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Stimulus that naturally causes a specific response
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Response naturally caused by a stimulus
Neutral Stimulus
Stimulus that has no prior response connection
Conditioned Stimulus
Neutral stimulus paired with US, that causes a desired response when represented alone
Conditioned Response
A response that is caused by the CS alone
Stimulus Generalization
Same response to general stimuluses
Stimulus Discrimination
Specific response to a specific stimulus
Extinction
Complete stop of response to a stimulus
Spontaneous Recovery
Response to a once-extinct stimulus
John Watson
Studied classical conditioning in humans
Watson’s Baby Experiment
Baby was conditioned to be scared of a white rat due to being yelled at when the white rat was around
Mary Cover Jones
First behavioral therapist; developed counterconditioning to unlearn fears
Joseph Wolpe
Developed desensitization therapy to treat anxiety
Operant Conditioning
Learning behavior through punishments/reinforcements
Thorndike’s Puzzle Box
Experiment where a cat learned how to escape a cage through pulleys
BF Skinner
Coined operant conditioning
Skinner Box
Experiment where a rat learned to get food through punishments and reinforcements in a box with buttons on it
Positive Reinforcements
Encourages behavior with added pleasant stimuli
Negative Reinforcements
Encourages behavior with unpleasant stimuli taken away
Positive Punishments
Discourages behavior with added unpleasant stimuli
Negative Punishments
Discourages behavior with pleasant stimuli taken away
Fixed Ratio
Reinforcement/punishment after set amount of responses
Variable Ratio
Reinforcement/punishment after varied amounts of responses
Fixed Interval
Reinforcement/punishment after set amount of time
Variable Interval
Reinforcement/punishment after varied amounts of time
Learned Helplessness
Acceptance that one is unable to change an event
Seligman and Maier Dog Study
Experiment where dogs learned helplessness by giving up trying to escape shocks when not given an easy option to stop the shocks
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Insight Learning
A sudden realization of a problem’s solution
Observational Learning
Learning through actions by role model
Bobo Doll Study
Showed strong observational learning when children treated a doll violently when an adult did the same