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All the vocabulary for Unit 2. This includes chapters 2 and 3 over population and migration.
Population Distribution
The pattern of people scattered over an area.
Population Density
The number of people within a given area.
Human Factors
Factors such as culture, economics, history, and politics.
Physical Factors
Factors including climate, landforms, and water bodies.
Ecumene
The habitable parts of the world, e.g., along fertile rivers and plains.
Arithmetic Population Density
Measure of the number of people within a given area divided by the total land area.
Physiologic Population Density
Measure of the number of people per arable (farmable) land.
Agricultural Population Density
Measure of the number of farmers per arable land.
Political Factors
Factors such as more laws and cities leading to greater power and influence.
Economic Factors
Factors like more jobs, higher tax base, increase in poverty.
Social Factors
Factors including more education, health care, diversity, and crime.
Environment
Includes factors like deforestation, pollution, and natural resource depletion.
Carrying Capacity
The number of people an area can sustain without critically straining its resources.
Population Pyramid
Provides a visual representation of a population in terms of age and sex, used to assess population growth and decline.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.
Birth Rate
Number of live births in a single year for every 1000 people in a population.
Replacement Fertility Level
Stands at 2.1, slightly higher than 2.0 to account for infant/childhood mortality and childless women.
Mortality Rate
Number of deaths in a single year for every 1000 people in a population.
Infant Mortality Rate
Number of deaths during the 1st year of life per 1000 live births.
Migration
Involves a degree of permanence when moving to a new location.
Emigration
Describes movement out of a particular place.
Immigration
Describes movement to a particular place.
Transnational Migration
Migration across national boundaries.
Internal Migration
Migration within national boundaries.
Natural Increase
Birth rate minus death rate.
Population Doubling Time
The length of time for a population to double in size.
Demographic Transition Model - Stage 1
Pre-industrialization stage with high birth and death rates leading to low population growth.
Demographic Transition Model - Stage 2
Developing country stage with high birth rates and decreasing death rates, leading to population increase.
Demographic Transition Model - Stage 3
Developing country stage with dropping birth rates and death rates, stabilizing the population.
Demographic Transition Model - Stage 4
Developed country stage with low birth and death rates, resulting in a stable population.
Demographic Transition Model - Stage 5
Developed country stage with very low birth rates and low death rates, leading to a declining population.
Epidemiologic Transition
Increase in population due to medical innovation causing a decrease in the death rate.
Population Explosion
The significant and continuing increase in human population in modern times.
Thomas Malthus (1798)
Who argued that population size and growth depend on food supply and agricultural methods.
Ester Boserup (1965)
Theorized that people will find ways to increase food production under pressure.
Pro-natalist Population Policies
Policies that incentivize women to have children, typically in countries with declining populations.
Anti-natalist Population Policies
Policies that encourage limiting the number of children, as seen in China's one-child policy.
Immigration Policies
Policies addressing the movement of persons across borders.
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration (1885)
Every migration flow generates a return flow - Most migrants move short distances - Longer distance migrants tend to choose big cities - Most migrants are from rural areas - Economic reasons drive migration.
Population Aging
Determined by birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy.
Life Expectancy
Average number of years an infant newborn can expect to live.
Aging Index
The number of people age 65 and over in a population.
Aging Population
Increasing median age due to declining fertility/rising life expectancy
Social Consequences
Impact on family life and elder care provision
Economic Consequences
Slower growth, fewer workers, increased healthcare costs
Political Consequences
Policy responses to counter aging effects (pro-natalist)
Dependency Ratio
Measure of economic impact on productive population
Pull Factors
Characteristics attracting people to a place
Push Factors
Characteristics making people want to leave a place
Intervening Opportunity
Presence of nearer opportunity diminishing attractiveness of farther sites
Intervening Obstacle
Event discouraging migration (e.g. cost, distance)
Genocide
Premeditated effort to destroy national, ethnic, religious group
Ethnic Cleansing
Effort to rid region of specific ethnicity through migration/genocide
Forced Migration
Individual migrates against will, producing refugees, slaves
Slavery
Having legal property rights over another human
Refugee
Protected individuals crossing borders to seek safety
Asylum Seeker
Individual seeking protection in another country
Internal Displaced Person
Leaves home due to conflict, abuse, stays within country
Voluntary Migration
Individual chooses to move based on push-pull factors
Transhumance
Seasonal movement of pastoral nomads with livestock
Chain Migration
Immigrants following family/friends to same destination
Step Migration
Migration to distant destination occurring in stages
Guest Workers
Individual with temporary work permission in another country
Rural to Urban Migration
Movement from countryside to city, affecting urban areas
Rust Belt
Region losing economic base to other parts, industrial decline
Sun Belt
States in South and West Coast attracting migration
Lost Generation
Fought in WWI, known for hardship
G.I. Generation
Fought in WWII, known as Greatest Generation
Silent Generation
Grew up during WWII, fought in Korean War
Baby Boomers
Post WWII generation, team-oriented
Generation X
Self-reliant, rise of divorce, computer age
Millennials
Increase in computers, helicopter parents, uncertain future
Gen Z
Computer age, trophy kids, uncertain future
Gen Alpha
Children of millennials, internet of things, uncertain future
Note
Flashcard