Unit 2 Vocab - AP HuG (copy)

All the vocabulary for Unit 2. This includes chapters 2 and 3 over population and migration.

Population Distribution

The pattern of people scattered over an area.

Population Density

The number of people within a given area.

Human Factors

Factors such as culture, economics, history, and politics.

Physical Factors

Factors including climate, landforms, and water bodies.

Ecumene

The habitable parts of the world, e.g., along fertile rivers and plains.

Arithmetic Population Density

Measure of the number of people within a given area divided by the total land area.

Physiologic Population Density

Measure of the number of people per arable (farmable) land.

Agricultural Population Density

Measure of the number of farmers per arable land.

Political Factors

Factors such as more laws and cities leading to greater power and influence.

Economic Factors

Factors like more jobs, higher tax base, increase in poverty.

Social Factors

Factors including more education, health care, diversity, and crime.

Environment

Includes factors like deforestation, pollution, and natural resource depletion.

Carrying Capacity

The number of people an area can sustain without critically straining its resources.

Population Pyramid

Provides a visual representation of a population in terms of age and sex, used to assess population growth and decline.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.

Birth Rate

Number of live births in a single year for every 1000 people in a population.

Replacement Fertility Level

Stands at 2.1, slightly higher than 2.0 to account for infant/childhood mortality and childless women.

Mortality Rate

Number of deaths in a single year for every 1000 people in a population.

Infant Mortality Rate

Number of deaths during the 1st year of life per 1000 live births.

Migration

Involves a degree of permanence when moving to a new location.

Emigration

Describes movement out of a particular place.

Immigration

Describes movement to a particular place.

Transnational Migration

Migration across national boundaries.

Internal Migration

Migration within national boundaries.

Natural Increase

Birth rate minus death rate.

Population Doubling Time

The length of time for a population to double in size.

Demographic Transition Model - Stage 1

Pre-industrialization stage with high birth and death rates leading to low population growth.

Demographic Transition Model - Stage 2

Developing country stage with high birth rates and decreasing death rates, leading to population increase.

Demographic Transition Model - Stage 3

Developing country stage with dropping birth rates and death rates, stabilizing the population.

Demographic Transition Model - Stage 4

Developed country stage with low birth and death rates, resulting in a stable population.

Demographic Transition Model - Stage 5

Developed country stage with very low birth rates and low death rates, leading to a declining population.

Epidemiologic Transition

Increase in population due to medical innovation causing a decrease in the death rate.

Population Explosion

The significant and continuing increase in human population in modern times.

Thomas Malthus (1798)

Who argued that population size and growth depend on food supply and agricultural methods.

Ester Boserup (1965)

Theorized that people will find ways to increase food production under pressure.

Pro-natalist Population Policies

Policies that incentivize women to have children, typically in countries with declining populations.

Anti-natalist Population Policies

Policies that encourage limiting the number of children, as seen in China's one-child policy.

Immigration Policies

Policies addressing the movement of persons across borders.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration (1885)

• Every migration flow generates a return flow - Most migrants move short distances - Longer distance migrants tend to choose big cities - Most migrants are from rural areas - Economic reasons drive migration.

Population Aging

Determined by birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy.

Life Expectancy

Average number of years an infant newborn can expect to live.

Aging Index

The number of people age 65 and over in a population.

Aging Population

Increasing median age due to declining fertility/rising life expectancy

Social Consequences

Impact on family life and elder care provision

Economic Consequences

Slower growth, fewer workers, increased healthcare costs

Political Consequences

Policy responses to counter aging effects (pro-natalist)

Dependency Ratio

Measure of economic impact on productive population

Pull Factors

Characteristics attracting people to a place

Push Factors

Characteristics making people want to leave a place

Intervening Opportunity

Presence of nearer opportunity diminishing attractiveness of farther sites

Intervening Obstacle

Event discouraging migration (e.g. cost, distance)

Genocide

Premeditated effort to destroy national, ethnic, religious group

Ethnic Cleansing

Effort to rid region of specific ethnicity through migration/genocide

Forced Migration

Individual migrates against will, producing refugees, slaves

Slavery

Having legal property rights over another human

Refugee

Protected individuals crossing borders to seek safety

Asylum Seeker

Individual seeking protection in another country

Internal Displaced Person

Leaves home due to conflict, abuse, stays within country

Voluntary Migration

Individual chooses to move based on push-pull factors

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of pastoral nomads with livestock

Chain Migration

Immigrants following family/friends to same destination

Step Migration

Migration to distant destination occurring in stages

Guest Workers

Individual with temporary work permission in another country

Rural to Urban Migration

Movement from countryside to city, affecting urban areas

Rust Belt

Region losing economic base to other parts, industrial decline

Sun Belt

States in South and West Coast attracting migration

Lost Generation

Fought in WWI, known for hardship

G.I. Generation

Fought in WWII, known as Greatest Generation

Silent Generation

Grew up during WWII, fought in Korean War

Baby Boomers

Post WWII generation, team-oriented

Generation X

Self-reliant, rise of divorce, computer age

Millennials

Increase in computers, helicopter parents, uncertain future

Gen Z

Computer age, trophy kids, uncertain future

Gen Alpha

Children of millennials, internet of things, uncertain future