Principles of Biochemistry

the amount of free energy released or absorbed in a reaction

Free energy change △G

the amount of free energy released

negative △G

the amount of free energy absorbed

positive △G

The reaction equation is 

G product- G reactant = △G

If a reaction is unfavorable and the △G is greater 0 the reaction is

endergonic

If a reaction is favorable and the △G is less than 0 then the reaction is

exergonic

If a reactions △G is equal to 0 the reaction is

equilibrium

can reactions with △G’ > 0 occur in cells

yes

How can a reaction shirt from +△G to -△G

decrease concentration of products and increase concentration of reactants

this agent accepts e- and is reduced

oxidizing agent

this agent donates e- and is oxidized

reducing agent

What are the water soluble e- discussed

NAD NADP FAD

WHat is the logarithm of a number less that one

its negative

What vitamin is NADP and NAD derived from

niacin (vitamin B3

WHen NAD+ accepts 2 e- and 1 proton (H+) what is it reduced to

NADPH

How many electrons can NAD+ and NADP+ transfer at a time

2 e-

WHat is it called when NAD+ product loses to NADH

dehydrogenase

WHat is it called when NADPH product gains to NADP+

reductase

What vitamin is FAD derived from

riboflavin (VItamin B2)

A biochemical process that breaks things down from larger to smaller components (degradative phase) and it produces ATP

catabolism

When larger molecules are synthesized from smaller molecules (synthesis phase) and it consumes ATP

anabolism

What is it called when chemical coupling of a highly favorable reaction to an unfavorable reaction

unfavorable reaction

WHat is the most abundant macromolecule in nature

carbohydrates

WHat are Carbs made of

CHO

WHat are monosaccrides and Disaccharides also known as

sugars

Examples of this carb. is Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose they have one monomeric unit (simple sugar)

Monosaccharides

Examples of this carb. are Sucrose and Lactose they have 2-20 monosaccharide units

oligosaccharides

Examples of this carb. Starch, Glycogen, and cellulose and they have over 20 monosaccharide units

polysaccharides

When 2 simple sugar molecules are combined i and one OH group displaces the other OH group it is known as 

glycosidic bond

What is the animal storage form of glucose called (alpha-1,4 glycosidic
bonds with alpha 1,6-linked branches

glycogen

What is the plant storage form of glucose called (alpha-1,4 glycosidic
bonds with alpha 1,6-linked branches

starch

the carb that make sup the plant cell wall

cellulose

In Glycolysis reactions Glucose as a reactant produces what as its products

2 pyruvates, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP

Gluconeogenesis converts 4 ATP molecules, 2 GTP, and 2 NADH molecules to what reactants

glucose

Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway converts Glucose 6-P as a reactant to what product

ribose 5P and 2 NADPH

What part of the cell does Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway occur

cytosol

The anaerobic process that breaks down energy rich molecules

fermentation

without oxygen

anaerobic

with oxygen

aerobic

Inadequate oxygen supply to muscles causes what to build up

lactic acid

a carbon with 4 different groups is called

chiral center

oxidation reduction reactions

oxidoreductases

addition of groups to a double bond or removal of groups to create a double bond

lyases

phosphorylation of ADP to ATP coupled to e- transfer chain reactions

oxidative phosphorylation

Why is glycolysis important

• generate energy

• building blocks for anabolic synthesis reactiosn

HOw many ATP does glycolysis produce

2

WHere does gluconeogenesis occur

liver

Is gluconeogenesis endergonic or exergonic

endergonic

pyruvate carboxylase binding to CO2 requires what vitamin cofactor

biotin

This pathway is an important source for the synthesis of ribose 5 phosphate and NADPH

oxidative pentose phosphate

WHy wont the body store glucose but instead stores glycogen

because it would increase osmotic pressure

THe end of a glycogen chain with carbon 1 of glucose is known as the

reducing end

glycosidic linkages are known as

alpha (1-4)

glycosidic branches are known as

alpha (1-6)

ANy sugar that has a aldehyde group or free ketone group is known as a

reducing sugar

What are 2 ways enzyme activity can be regulated

changing the number of enzymes and altering the activity of preexisting enzymes

THis reduces high glucose (from pancreas)

insulin

increase blood sugar levels

glucagon

pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase

ethanol fermentation

pyruvate converted to lactic acid

lactic acid fermentation

what beverage is made when CO2 is produced by pyruvate decarboxylation

champagne

what food is made by the process of lactic acid fermentation

yogurt

oxidation of pyruvates (citric acid cycle occurs in what part of the cell

mitochondria

blocks e- transfer in complex 1 (rat poison)

rotenone

block e- transfer in complex 3 (insecticides)

Antimycin A

carbon monoxide blocker

cyanide

complexes 1 and 3 produce how many H+

4

COmplex 4 produces how many H+

2

NADH P/O number is

2.5

FADH2 P/O number is

1.5

what is the ultimate donor of e-

water

what us the ultimate acceptor of e-

NADP+

when ATP and NADPH is converted to CO2

carbon assimilation reactions (stroma

starch is synthesizedd in the

chloroplasts

sucrose is synthesizedd in the

cytosol