formative revision pt 2

Protein synthesis

What is the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Where ribosomes are attached to the ERS surface and take amino acids from the cytosol for protein assembly.

Carbohydrate synthesis

Occurs by glycogenesis or gluconeogenesis

Lipid metabolism

stores triglycerides and produces cholesterol

Lipid metabolism

The liver regulates circulating levels of triglycerides, fatty acids, and cholesterol.

oxidative phosphorylation

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

Chloride

The major extracellular anion

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Plasma proteins

Proteins in the blood which do not pass through the capillary wall.

Sodium

The major extracellular cation

Potassium

The major intracellular cation

Hydrogen phsophate

The major intracellular anion

Potassium, magnesium and phosphate

Ions contained in a larger amount in the ICF than in the ECF

Chloride, bicarbonate and sodium

Ions contained in a larger amount in the ECF than in the ICF

20%

Percentage of body water in extracellular spaces

40%

percentage of body water in intracellular spaces

60%

Total body water as a percentage of body weight in males

Riboflavin

vitamin B2

Micronutrient

An essential nutrient required by the body in minute amounts

Macronutrient

an essential nutrient required by the body in relatively large amounts

Asparagine

A non-essential amino acid in humans

Cholesterol

A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods.

Fibre

Portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely broken down by human digestive enxymes

Monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.

Triglyceride

What substance found in the diet will provide the most calories per gram after ingestion?

Fat

1g of _______ provides 37kJ of energy

Carbohydrate or protein

1g of ________________ or ___________________ provides 17kJ of enegry

Translation

Which key cellular processes do antibiotics such as tetracycline and chloramphenicol target?

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

transcription

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

DNA replication

the process of making a copy of DNA

Paracrine

Synaptic transmission between Neurons represents which type of signalling

Paracrine

signals released from one cell diffusing to another, which is the mode of transmission for neurons

Juxtacrine

direct cell-cell contact between membrane-associated signal and its interacting partner on the receiving cell (not for synaptic transmission)

Intracrine

a given cell responds to its own hormone without the hormone leaving that cell

endocrine

A type of long-distance signaling in animals that utilizes hormones.

Autocrine

term for hormones that act on same cells that secrete them

Kinase-linked transmembrane receptors

You are about to start a patient with diabetes on insulin. What is the main molecular target through which insulin acts on the cell?

G-protein coupled receptors

A special class of membrane receptors with an associated GTP binding protein; activation of a G protein-coupled receptor involves dissociation and GTP hydrolysis

Kinase-linked transmembrane receptors

the ligand binding domain for drug binding is on the cell surface. The drug activates the enzyme (inside the cell), and a response is initiated

Second messenger cyclic nucleotide system

A single phosphate nucleotide with a cyclic bond which acts within cells to relay signals of first messengers to their physiological destinations

Transmembrane ion channels

Proteins which run through the membrane and allow ions to pass through

Coats pathogens

What is the main property of the complement system in host defence.

Opsonisation

a process in which a pathogen is coated with antibodies and/or complement and marked for phagocytosis

End diastolic volume

The Frank-Starling law states that the force of contraction of the heart is related to what?

Frank-Starling Law

Law that states that the force of contraction of the heart is related to the end diastolic volume

End diastolic volume

The volume of blood returning to the heart

Heart rate

A measure of cardiac activity usually expressed as the number of beats per minute.

After load

the pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles can occur

Refractory period

the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated

Respiratory rate

Number of breather taken each minute

end systolic volume

volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole

Preload

The precontraction pressure in the heart as the volume of blood builds up.

Simple squamous

When a pathologist examines the epithelium of the alveoli, what type will be found?

ciliated cuboidal

Epithelia which have projections for wafting mucus, etc.

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flattened cells

Pseudostratified

Epithelial in which all cells are attached to the basement membrane, but give an appearance of being disordered.

stratified squamous epithelium

Epithelium which is of thin and squashed cells. They are thickly layered

Haemoglobin gives up oxygen to tissues

A patient with respiratory failure due to airways obstruction is hypoxic with a raised pCO2. What will be a consequence of this raised pCO2?

Increase

__________________ (increase/decrease) in pCO2 results in making the blood pH more acidic and this shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the right - the Bohr shift - and thus haemoglobin gives off oxygen more readily

Bohr effect

a decrease in the amount of oxygen associated with hemoglobin and other respiratory compounds in response to a lowered blood pH resulting from an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line

Where is the apex beat of the heart normally felt?

Apex beat

an impulse that results from the apex of the heart being forced against the anterior thoracic wall when the left ventricle contracts. Palpated for presence deviation and character

Lateral, superior

In children, the apex beat is found more _________________ (medial/lateral) and _________________ (superior/inferior)

Pleuropericardial folds

From what embryonic structure do the lungs develop?

Pleuropericardial folds

folds which develop into the fibrous pericardium

5th pharyngeal pouch

Ultimobranchial bodies

Separate glands in most

Part of thyroid in mammals

Cardiogenic mesoderm

the splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium

Septum transversum

The embryological origin of the diaphragm

Rathke's pouch

Embryological origin of the anterior pituitary

Changes in oxygen partial pressure

In the normal functioning body, what is the main property of the blood which peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies react to?

PO2

Peripheral chemoreceptors primarily act to regulate respiratory activity, a drop in ___________ (pCO2, pO2, or pH) causes an increase in carotid body receptor firing

fluid in the pleural space

What would you expect to find if you detected abnormal dullness on percussion of the chest?

Heart failure

This can be a cause of increased dullness at the lung bases

Enlarged heart

This can be a cause of increase in dullness to percussion centrally

Decrease in pH

Which one of the following would shift the oxygen- haemoglobin dissociation curve to the right (thus favouring the off-loading of bound oxygen?

Options: decrease in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels, decrease in blood pressure, decrease in carbon dioxide partial pressure, decrease in pH, decrease in temperature

Acidosis

pH below 7.35. This is when there is high metabolic activity or poor lung function.

T wave

Which component of an ECG represents ventricular depolarisation?

T wave

In an ECG this is caused by potentials generated as the ventricles recover from depolarisation

P wave

On an ECG this represents atrial depolarisation

QRS complex

On an ECG this represents ventricular depolarisation

AV node

In what fibre/ node/ cell type is the electrical conduction in the heart slowest?

Atrioventricular node

A specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction in the heart.

sinoatrial node

pacemaker of the heart

SAN, AVN, Bundle of HIS, Bundle Branches, Purkinje FIbers

Order of conduction from SAN to ventricles in the heart

The pO2 in the blood will be largely unchanged

A 21 year old woman is anaemic with a haemoglobin of 7.0g/L (14.0). Which one of the following will be a consequence of this?

Options: the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood will be approximately halved, the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood will be unaffected, the oxygen saturation of the haemoglobin will be approximately halved, the pCO2 in the blood will be approximately halved, the pO2 in the blood will be largely unchanged

Carbon dioxide

Diffuses freely in the blood, and mostly does not bind to haemoglobin for its transport.

oxygen saturation

a clinical measurement of the percentage of hemoglobin that is bound with oxygen in the blood. It is primarily determined by the pO2 which is unchanged in anaemia

junction of manubrium and body of sternum

What would you take as the reference point (i.e. 0cm) when assessing the height of the jugular venous pressure at the bedside?

Jugular venous pressure

measured as the vertical distance between the manubriosternal angle and the top of the venous column

Reduce alveolar respiration

A 53 year old woman is being artificially ventilated in the intensive care unit at a frequency of 12/minute and a tidal volume of 0.6/L. The arterial pH rises to >7.6 (7.35-7.45). What would be the most appropriate response by an anaesthetist?

Alkalotic

If a patient has a high pH, they are ________________

Decreasing

If the patient is alkalotic, they needs more CO2 on board to correct this. This is achieved by __________________ (increasing/decreasing) alveolar ventilation

7.35 - 7.45

Normal arterial pH

coronary blood flow is reduced

What would you expect to occur to coronary blood flow during isometric ventricular contraction?

Isometric ventricular contraction

brief during the time between the closure of the AV valves and the opening of the aortic and pulmonary valves (semi lunar valves), ventricular pressure rises rapidly without a change in the volumes

Decreased, increased

Coronary blood flow is ________________ during ventricular systole, and _________________ during ventricular diastole (gaps are either increased or decreased)

Blood pressure = cardiac output x peripheral resistance

What equation best describes the factors which determine blood pressure?