BIOL 101 FINAL TEST

What are microbes?

Microscopic organisms that are extremely abundant and diverse on Earth

Are viruses alive?

No, viruses are not alive

Are viruses cells?

No, viruses are not cells

Why are viruses not considered alive?

They cannot reproduce without a host cell

Virus replication cycle

Attachment, entry, replication, assembly, release

What type of virus is HIV?

A retrovirus

What enzyme does HIV use?

Reverse transcriptase

Which cells does HIV target?

CD4 T cells

Main components of HIV virus

Envelope, capsid, RNA, enzymes

What is Influenza A?

A rapidly mutating virus that has caused pandemics

How did H1N1 spread?

Respiratory droplets

What are bacteria?

Prokaryotic organisms

Do bacteria have a nucleus?

No

Bacterial shapes

Coccus (round), bacillus (rod), spirillum (spiral)

How are bacteria different from eukaryotes?

They lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

How can bacteria be beneficial?

Digestion, vitamin production, immune support

What do antibiotics kill?

Bacteria

Do antibiotics kill viruses?

No

Why does antibiotic resistance occur?

Natural selection favors resistant bacteria

What are archaea?

Prokaryotes genetically distinct from bacteria

What do archaeal cell walls lack?

Peptidoglycan

What are Protista?

The first eukaryotes

Why is sexual reproduction important in Protista?

It increases genetic diversity

What is an autotroph?

An organism that makes its own food

What is a heterotroph?

An organism that consumes other organisms

What are photosynthetic protists?

Algae

Why are phytoplankton important?

They produce most of Earth’s oxygen

How do heterotrophic protists move?

Flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia

Why do heterotrophic protists move?

To find food

What type of organisms are fungi?

Eukaryotic heterotrophs

What are fungal cell walls made of?

Chitin

What are hyphae?

Filamentous structures of fungi

What is mycelium?

A network of hyphae

What is a fruiting body?

The reproductive structure of fungi

How do fungi reproduce?

By spores

Are fungi autotrophs?

No

Are fungi sessile or motile?

Sessile

Can fungi reproduce sexually and asexually?

Yes

What are chytrids?

Aquatic fungi

What are zygomycetes?

Bread mold fungi

What are ascomycetes?

Yeasts

What are basidiomycetes?

Mushrooms

What are lichens?

A mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae

What are mycorrhizae?

A mutualistic relationship between fungi and plant roots

What is a saprophyte?

An organism that feeds on dead organic matter

What features do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

Cell wall and chloroplasts

What is a sporophyte?

The diploid plant generation

What is a gametophyte?

The haploid plant generation

What are bryophytes?

Nonvascular plants

What are ferns?

Vascular plants without seeds

What are gymnosperms?

Plants with naked seeds

What are angiosperms?

Flowering plants with fruit

What is endosperm?

Tissue that nourishes a developing seed

What is the function of fruit?

Seed protection and dispersal

What is phototropism?

Growth in response to light

What is gravitropism?

Growth in response to gravity

What is thigmotropism?

Growth in response to touch

What is differential growth?

Unequal growth that causes bending

What are deciduous trees?

Trees that lose leaves seasonally

What is photoperiodism?

A plant’s response to day length

What is a long-night plant?

A plant that flowers when nights are long

What characteristics do all animals share?

Multicellular, heterotrophic, motile at some stage

What is a blastula?

A hollow ball of cells

What is asymmetry?

No symmetry

What is radial symmetry?

Body parts arranged around a center

What is bilateral symmetry?

Left and right sides mirror each other

What is a coelom?

A fluid-filled body cavity

What are the two life stages of cnidarians?

Polyp and medusa

What are gastropods?

Snails and slugs

What are bivalves?

Clams and mussels

What are cephalopods?

Octopus and squid

What are arthropods?

Animals with exoskeletons, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages

What is an exoskeleton?

An external skeleton

What is an endoskeleton?

An internal skeleton

What is an open circulatory system?

Blood is not always contained in vessels

What is a closed circulatory system?

Blood remains in vessels

What features do all chordates share?

Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail

What is asexual reproduction?

Reproduction without fertilization

Examples of asexual reproduction

Budding and fragmentation

Why is sexual reproduction beneficial?

It increases genetic diversity

What are the levels of ecological organization?

Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

What is arithmetic population growth?

Linear growth

What is exponential population growth?

J-shaped growth curve

What is environmental resistance?

Factors that limit population growth

What is intrinsic rate of increase (r)?

The potential growth rate of a population

What is generation time?

Time between generations

What is carrying capacity (K)?

The maximum population an environment can support

What are r-selected species?

Species that produce many offspring with little care

What are K-selected species?

Species that produce few offspring with more care

What is a survivorship curve?

A graph showing survival across ages

What does a population pyramid show?

The age structure of a population

What is a keystone species?

A species with a disproportionately large impact on its community

What are ecological dominants?

The most abundant species in a community

What is biodiversity?

The variety of life at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels

What is a habitat?

Where an organism lives

What is a niche?

The role an organism plays in its environment

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

Two species cannot occupy the same niche

What is resource partitioning?

Species using resources in different ways

What is predation?

One organism kills and eats another

What is parasitism?

One organism benefits while the host is harmed