Advanced Higher Biology - Unit 2

Hazard

Potential source of harm in fieldwork.

Risk

Likelihood of harm from exposure to a hazard.

Risk assessment

Identifying control measures to minimize risk.

Control measures

Equipment and practices to reduce risk exposure.

Point count

Recording individuals from a fixed observation point.

Transect

Line along which organisms are sampled.

Quadrat

Frame used to sample plants or slow organisms.

Capture techniques

Methods like traps for sampling mobile species.

Camera traps

Devices for sampling elusive species indirectly.

Scat sampling

Using animal droppings to study elusive species.

Taxonomy

classification and naming of organisms based on shared characteristics.

Phylogenetics

Study of evolutionary history and relationships among organisms.

Morphology

Study of organism structure for classification.

Phylogeny

evolutionary relationships among species.

Model organisms

Species used for biological research and studies.

E. coli

Bacterium used as a model organism.

Arabidopsis thaliana

Flowering plant model organism in research.

C. elegans

Nematode model organism for genetic studies.

Drosophila melanogaster

Fruit fly model organism for genetics.

Mark and recapture

Technique for estimating population size.

N=MC/R

Formula for estimating total population size.

Indicator species

Species used to assess environmental quality.

Abundance

High population indicating favorable environmental conditions.

Absence

Indicates a species is susceptible to environmental factors.

Susceptible species

Species vulnerable to environmental changes.

Favourable species

Species thriving under specific environmental conditions.

Banding

Marking method using bands on animals.

Tagging

Attaching identifiers to animals for tracking.

Surgical implantation

Inserting devices inside animals for monitoring.

Painting

Applying paint to mark animals externally.

Hair clipping

Removing hair to identify or mark animals.

Latency

Time between stimulus and response behavior.

Frequency

Number of times a behavior occurs observed.

Duration

Length of time a behavior is exhibited.

Ethogram

List of species-specific behaviors for observation.

Time budget

Proportion of time spent on behaviors calculated.

Anthropomorphism

Attributing human traits to non-human entities.

Evolution

Change in allele proportions over time in populations.

Natural selection

Non-random increase of advantageous alleles.

Sexual selection

Selection favoring traits enhancing mating success.

Genetic drift

Random fluctuations in allele frequencies over generations.

Bottleneck effect

Population size reduction impacting genetic diversity.

Founder effect

New population formed from a small group.

Gene pool

Collection of alleles in a population.

Selection pressures

Environmental factors influencing allele survival.

Biotic factors

Living factors affecting populations, like competition.

Abiotic factors

Non-living factors affecting populations, like temperature.

Hardy-Weinberg principle

Allele frequencies remain constant without evolutionary influences.

Mutation

Source of new DNA sequences and alleles.

Sexual dimorphism

Differences in appearance between male and female.

Male-male rivalry

Competition among males for mating access.

Female choice

Females selecting mates based on fitness.

Allele frequency

Proportion of a specific allele in a population.

Population size

Number of individuals in a population.

HW Principle

Determines changes in allele frequency over time.

Genotype Frequency

Proportion of different genotypes in a population.

Phenotype Frequency

Proportion of different phenotypes in a population.

p

Frequency of the dominant allele.

q

Frequency of the recessive allele.

p²

Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype.

2pq

Frequency of heterozygous genotype.

q²

Frequency of homozygous recessive genotype.

Fitness

Success in surviving and reproducing.

Absolute Fitness

Ratio of genotype frequency after to before selection.

Relative Fitness

Surviving offspring ratio compared to most successful genotype.

Stable Genotype Frequency

Absolute fitness of 1 indicates stability.

Increased Genotype Frequency

Absolute fitness greater than 1 indicates growth.

Decreased Genotype Frequency

Absolute fitness less than 1 indicates decline.

Co-evolution

Species evolve in response to each other's traits.

Selection Pressure

Environmental factors influencing evolutionary changes.

Symbiosis

Intimate relationships between different species.

Mutualism

Both species benefit from the interaction.

Commensalism

One species benefits, the other is unaffected.

Parasitism

One species benefits at the expense of another.

Red Queen Hypothesis

Species must adapt to avoid extinction in co-evolution.

Sexual Reproduction

Involves two parents, increases genetic variation.

Asexual Reproduction

Involves one parent, less genetic variation.

Costs of Sexual Reproduction

Males can't produce offspring, genome disruption.

Benefits of Sexual Reproduction

Increases genetic variation, enhances adaptability.

Parasite-Host Interaction

Co-evolution selects for resistant sexually reproducing hosts.

Genetic Variation

Raw material for adaptation and survival.

Sexual reproduction

Involves two parents, increasing genetic variability.

Asexual reproduction

Single parent produces genetically identical offspring.

Genetic variability

Diversity in genetic traits among offspring.

Vegetative cloning

Asexual reproduction in plants producing clones.

Parthenogenesis

Reproduction without fertilization from a female gamete.

Haploid gametes

Cells with half the chromosome number.

Diploid gametocyte

Cell with two sets of chromosomes.

Homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes with same genes at identical loci.

Chiasmata

Points where homologous chromosomes exchange DNA.

Crossing over

Exchange of genetic material between chromatids.

Independent assortment

Random orientation of chromosome pairs during meiosis.

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm resulting in daughter cells.

Horizontal gene transfer

Genetic material exchange between organisms.

Plasmids

Small DNA molecules in bacteria for gene transfer.

Prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus.

Meiosis I

First meiotic division producing two haploid cells.

Meiosis II

Second meiotic division producing four haploid cells.

SRY gene

Gene on Y chromosome determining male characteristics.

Heterogametic males

Males with XY sex chromosomes.