Human Physiology-Chapter 1
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Chapter 1 (Homeostasis)
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78 Terms
Physiology
study of how living organisms function
Homeostasis
the maintenance of a stable internal environment
Cells
simplest structural units of a complex multicellular organism
Cell Differentiation
transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized, functional cell
Levels of Organization
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
4 Main Categories of Cells
muscle cells, neurons, epithelial cells, connective tissue cells
4 Main Types of Tissues
muscle tissue, nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue
Epithelial Tissue Location
resting on extracellular protein layer
Epithelial Tissue Purpose
protects the body, facilitates absorption and secretion, maintains overall homeostasis
Connective Tissue Cells Purpose
connect, anchor, and support the structures of the body
Connective Tissue Cell Types (6)
loose connective, dense connective, blood, bone, cartilage, adipose
Muscle Cells Purpose
generate mechanical force
Muscle Cell Types (3)
cardiac, skeletal, smooth
Skeletal Muscle Details
under voluntary control, attached to bones
Cardiac Muscle Details
under involuntary control, found in the heart
Smooth Muscle Details
under involuntary control, found in internal organs
Neuron Purpose
initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells
Neuron Location
in nervous system
Nervous Tissue Location
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
Nerve Structure
cellular extensions from many neurons, packaged together with connective tissue
Major Organs/ Tissues of Circulatory System
heart, blood vessels, blood
Primary Functions of Circulatory System
transport of blood throughout the body
Major Organs/Tissues of Digestive System
mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
Primary Functions of Digestive System
digestion and absorption of nutrients and water; elimination of waste
Major Organs/Tissues of Endocrine System
all glands or organs secreting hormones
Primary Functions of Endocrine System
regulation and coordination of many activities in the body
Major Organs/Tissues of Immune System
white blood cells and their organs of production
Primary Functions of Immune System
defense against pathogens
Major Organs/Tissues of Integumentary System
skin
Primary Functions of Integumentary System
protection against injury and dehydration; defense against pathogens; regulation of body temperature
Major Organs/Tissues of Lymphatic System
lymph vessels, lymph nodes
Primary Functions of Lymphatic System
collection of extracellular fluid for return to blood; participation in immune defense; absorption of fats from digestive system
Major Organs/Tissues of Musculoskeletal System
cartilage, bone, ligaments, tendons, joints, skeletal muscle
Primary Functions of Musculoskeletal System
support, protection, and movement of the body; production of blood cells
Major Organs/Tissues of Nervous System
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and ganglia, sense organs
Primary Functions of Nervous System
regulation and coordination of many activities in the body
Major Organs/Tissues of Male Reproductive System
testes, penis, associated ducts and glands
Primary Functions of Male Reproductive System
production of sperm; transfer of sperm
Major Organs/Tissues of Female Reproductive System
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
Primary Functions of Female Reproductive System
production of eggs; provision of nourishment to developing embryo and fetus; nutrition of the infant
Major Organs/Tissues of Respiratory System
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Primary Functions of Respiratory System
exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen; regulation of hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids
Major Organs/Tissues of Urinary System
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Primary Functions of Urinary System
regulation of plasma composition through controlled excretion of ions, water, and organic waste
2 Major Compartments of body fluid
intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
Intracellular Fluid
fluid inside cells, 67% of body fluid
Extracellular Fluid
fluid outside cells (interstitial fluid, 26%); fluid in blood (plasma, 7%)
Compartmentalization
maintained by barriers between compartments (like cell membranes)
Dynamic Constancy
maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment within an organism
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
methods by which cells, tissues and organs are regulated and integrated
Set Point
optimal physiological value that the body aims to maintain in a certain system
Normal Range
set values of physiological variables the human body maintains
Steady State
condition where a variable is not changing, but energy is constantly added to maintain the proper level
Equilibrium
condition where a variable is not changing, but no energy is needed to maintain the proper level
Negative Feedback
feedback system that prompts a response that moves a variable in the opposite direction of its original change, most common feedback system
Positive Feedback
feedback system that accelerates a process, moving a variable in the same direction as its original change, less common feedback system
Reflex
specific, involuntary, unpremeditated, built in response to a particular stimulus
Basic Reflex
rapid, predictable, involuntary, unlearned response to a specific stimulus
Learned/Acquired Reflex
appears to be automatic and predictable, but is a learned behavior
Stimulus
detectable change in the internal or external environment
Receptor
detects the environmental change (stimulus)
Afferent Pathway
transports signal from the receptor to the integrating center
Integration Center
processes sensory information and coordinates appropriate motor responses; sends signals to the efferent pathway
Efferent Pathway
transports the information from the integration center to the effector
Effector
component of the reflex arc that carries out the response to a stimulus
Hormones
secreted by endocrine glands; travels through the blood to their target cells
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers released from the endings of neurons
Paracrine Substances
local chemical messengers that act on nearby target cells
Autocrine Substances
chemical messengers that act on the cells that secreted them
Adaptation
characteristic that favors survival in specific environments
Acclimatization
improved functioning of an existing homeostatic system
Biological Rhythms
periodic physiological processes that occur in living organisms; regulated by internal biological clocks
Circadian Rhythm
cycles about every 24 hours
Entrainment
timing of a particular rhythm set by environmental factors
Pool Concentration
concentration of solutes in body fluids
Negative Balance
loss>gain
Positive Balance
gain>loss
Stable Balance
gain=loss
Note 
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