AP HUG Vocab

All vocab for AP Human Geography

Location

Absolute and relative location

Place

The distinctive physical and human characteristics of a place

Human-Environment Interaction

How people interact with/ shape the surrounding environment.

Movement

The mobility of people, goods, and ideas, the patterns and changes in human spatial interactions, and the accessibility and connectivity of places

Regions

An area that displays selected criteria (one or more distinctive characteristics)

Geography

The study of where they are found on Earth's surface and the reasons for their locations

Map

A two-dimensional model of Earth's surface, or a portion of it

Cartography

The science and practice of mapmaking

Scale

The relationship of a feature's size on a map to its actual size on Earth

Small Scale Maps

Show a large area on the Earth

Large-Scale Maps

Show a small area on the Earth

Projection

The scientific method of depicting Earth's round surface on a flat map

Geographic Grid

A system of imaginary arcs drawn in a grid pattern on Earth's surface

Absolute Location

An exact location on Earth's surface, told using coordinates

Relative Location

In relation to other nearby features

Isoline Maps

Use lines of equal value to represent data

Choropleth Maps

Maps in which a specific variable is depicted with shading, patterns, or colors

Proportional Symbol Maps

Maps in which the size of the symbol varies in proportion to the intensity of the mapped variable

Dot Map

A thematic map in which a dot represents some frequency/ occurrence of the mapped variable

Cartogram Maps

Maps using the relative size of political units to convey a value

GIScience

The collection of data acquired by satellites and other technologies; remote sensing

GPS

Uses satellites to determine the absolute location of any object on Earth's surface

Toponym

The name given to a place on Earth

Site

The physical character of a specific place

Cultural Landscape

A combination of cultural, religious, economic, and physical features

Formal Region

An area in which (nearly) everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics

Functional Region

An area organized around a node or central focal point

Vernacular Region

An area people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

Distance Decay

The further you are from something, the less likely it is that it impacts you

Space-time compression

The reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place, whether it is a person or an idea

Density

Frequency with which something occurs in a specified area

US Land Ordinance of 1785

Divided land in Western states into 1x1 mile squares

The Homestead Act of 1863

Encouraged settlement of the West by giving each settler 160 acres of land

Diffusion

Process by which something spreads across space from one place to another

Relocation Diffusion

Spread through the movement of people from one place to another

Hierarchical Diffusion

Spread from persons/nodes of authority down the 'chain of power'

Contagious Diffusion

Rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic

Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of a strong underlying principle, though not all might diffuse

Renewable Resources

A resource produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans

Nonrenewable Resources

Resources depleted by man faster than they can be replenished by nature

Environment Pillar

Conservation must be embraced in general, preservation where possible

Economy Pillar

Prices of resources should reflect true environmental costs

Society Pillar

Modifying the wants of society to reward sustainable production

Conservation

Limiting human use of resources so that they can be used for a long period of time

Preservation

Leaving nature as it is found in its natural condition

Environmental Determinism

The belief that the physical environment causes or guides social development

Possibilism

People can react to and master their surroundings, no matter the challenges

Demography

The study of statistics, location, and structure of human populations

4 Major World Population Clusters

east Asia, south Asia, Europe, and southeast Asia

Ecumene Zone

Regions hosting permanent human settlements

Arithmetic Density

Density of people in a given area

Physiological Density

Number of people supported by a unit of arable land

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

Crude Birth Rate

Total number of live births expected for every 1,000 people

Crude Death Rate

Total number of expected deaths for every 1,000 people

Natural Increase Rate

Percentage by which a population grows in a year

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49)

Infant Death Rate

Total deaths (before first year) per 1,000 live births

Doubling Time

The time it would take for a population to double at current natural growth rates

United States Census Bureau

The federal body responsible for producing data about the American people and economy

Dependency Ratio

The number of people that are too young/old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years (0-14 and 65+)

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population

The Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model with four stages that help to explain the rise and fall of growth rates over time

DTM Stage 1

Marked by very high CBR and CDR rates, producing a flat NIR

DTM Stage 2

Marked by a rapidly declining CDR and continuing high CBR, produced very high NIR

DTM Stage 3

Marked by a rapidly declining CBR, continuing low CDR, and slowing NIR

DTM Stage 4

Marked by low CBD and CDR, low or no NIR

Zero Population Growth

When birth rates are equal to death rates

Neo-Malthusians

People who worried that the growing population would increase faster than the rate of food production

Cornucopian Theory

People who believe that the environment can support an even larger human population

Pro-Natalist Policies

Countries with low birth rates that try to encourage their people to procreate by using policies

Anti-natalist policies

Countries with high birth rates that try to curb the number of children being born by instituting policies

One Child Policy

couples apply to have a child, which would lead to increased social benefits

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

identifies distinct health threats in each stage of the DTM

ETM Stage 1

Most deaths occur due to pandemics or from environmental factors

EMT Stage 2

Improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine lead to a reduction in epidemics; overall death rates plummet

ETM Stage 3

People are living longer than ever before, and chronic diseases associated with age have become society's greatest health challenge

ETM Stage 4

Deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and other progressive diseases delayed by modern medical technology and treatments

ETM Stage 5

Infectious disease microbes evolve and develop resistance to drugs and other treatments, and diseases spread fast because of increased travel

Pandemic

a disease or other ailment that spreads across a wide area of the Earth's surface, deeply impacting multiple countries or even continents

Epidemic

an ailment that deeply impacts a community or region

Mobility

A general term that refers to all types of movements

Circulation

Repetitive acts of mobility

Migration

A permanent move to a new location

Emigration

Migration from a location

Immigration

Migration to a location

Net migration

Difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants

International Migration

Permanent move from one country to another

Internal Migration

Permanent move within the same country

Intraregional Migration

Migration from rural to urban areas

Counterurbanization

people leave populated areas, seeking life in less developed areas

Culture

The body of material traits, customary beliefs, and social norms that defines the distinct tradition of a people

Habit

A repetitive act performed by an individual

Custom

A repetitive act performed by a group

Folk Culture

Practiced in more isolated places and by relatively homogeneous groups

Popular Culture

Dynamic and is found in larger, more heterogeneous places

Static

Relatively unchanging over time

Dynamic

Changing and shifting rapidly along with cultural preferences

Electronic Media

Responsible for the diffusion of popular culture throughout the world

Placelessness

How popular culture landscapes erase local identity, promoting the uniform over the unique