Jeffersonian Democracy

Refers to the term of office of Thomas Jefferson which marks the end of Federalist control and emphasizes the common man and democratic simplicity.

Jacksonian Democracy

Embodied by Andrew Jackson, this movement emphasized the right of the common people to have a greater voice in government and was marked by egalitarian spirit.

Jacksonian Revolution of 1828

The election where Jackson won more than twice the electoral vote against John Quincy Adams, though the popular vote was much closer.

Age of the Common Man

A period when all white males had access to the polls, characterized by Jackson’s portrayal as a common, uncorrupt man.

Spoils System

Jackson's principle of 'rotation in office' aimed at removing officeholders of the rival party to prevent an elite bureaucracy.

National Republicans/Whigs

The political party formed during Jackson’s second term, led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, advocating for economic development.

Trail of Tears

The forced migration of 16,000 Cherokees from their lands, resulting in 2,000 to 4,000 deaths.

Kitchen Cabinets

An informal group of Jackson's partisan advisers who met in the White House kitchen, disregarding the official cabinet.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Supreme Court ruling that the Cherokees were not a state or foreign nation, thus lacking standing to bring suit.

Whigs

The political party formed by National Republicans in opposition to Jackson, committed to Clay’s American System.

Maysville Road Veto

Jackson's veto of a bill to grant federal aid for a road in Kentucky, citing it violated congressional appropriations.

Election of 1832

Jackson won re-election against Henry Clay, who promoted his American System.

Bank War

Jackson's effort to dismantle the Bank of the United States and redistribute federal deposits into 'pet banks'.

Roger B. Taney

Jackson's Secretary of the Treasury who implemented the removal of federal deposits from the Bank.

Peggy Eaton Affair

The controversy surrounding the marriage of Jackson's Secretary of War to Peggy Eaton, leading to tensions in Jackson's cabinet.

Nullification Crisis

A conflict stemming from Calhoun's assertion that states could nullify federal laws, which Jackson opposed.

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis characterized by bank failures and economic depression precipitated by Jackson's policies.

Transportation Revolution

The period marked by advancements in steam power, railroads, and canals that improved U.S. transport and trade.

Erie Canal

The first major canal in America, built by New York starting in 1817, which became a symbol of progress.

National Road (Cumberland Road)

A highway across America constructed beginning in 1811, facilitating westward expansion.

Robert Fulton

Introduced the steamship Clermont in 1807, revolutionizing transportation by enabling efficient goods movement.

Clipper Ships

Fast sailing vessels developed for speed, notably during the Gold Rush for transporting people and goods.

Samuel Slater

Founder of the first permanent cotton mill in America, establishing the cotton textile industry.

Lowell Factory

A textile mill established in 1813 hiring mainly young women, representing a shift in industrial labor.

Factory Girls (Lowell Factory)

Young unmarried women working in Lowell factories, often facing strict conditions and seeking independence.

Elias Howe

Inventor of the sewing machine in 1845, revolutionizing garment manufacturing and enabling mass production.

Eli Whitney, Interchangeable Parts

Introduced in 1798, this concept allowed uniform manufacturing of parts, paving the way for mass production.

Cyrus McCormick, Mechanical Reaper

Invented and patented in 1834, it mechanized wheat harvesting, significantly aiding agriculture.

Samuel F.B. Morse, Telegraph

Invented in 1844, the telegraph allowed rapid long-distance communication, transforming information exchange.

Cyrus Field

Promoted the first transatlantic telegraph cable laid in 1866, facilitating international communication.

Hudson River School of Art

Art movement emphasizing the beauty of the American landscape and national identity through nature.

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America

A study reflecting on American democracy, inspired by Tocqueville's observations in the early 1830s.

Charles G. Finney

Father of modern revivalism who emphasized human involvement in conversions and pioneered social gospel.

Mormons, Brigham Young

Joseph Smith's church leaders who moved to the Great Salt Lake due to persecution and sought religious freedom.

Utopian Communities

Cooperative societies formed during industrialism aiming for social improvement and addressing evils.

Dorothea Dix

Advocate for mental health reform in the 1840s, campaigning for humane treatment of the mentally ill.

Oberlin College

Founded in 1833, it became a center for abolitionist activities and higher education for women.

Public Education, Horace Mann

Key reformer who advocated for state-funded public education, standardized curricula, and compulsory attendance.

American Temperance Union

Formed in 1826, this organization advocated for total abstinence from alcohol amid growing social concerns.

Irish and German Immigration (1845-1854)

Period marked by a surge of immigrant arrivals, leading to nativist sentiments and anti-Catholic fervor.

Nativism

Political response to increasing immigration, particularly anti-Catholic sentiments during the 19th century.

Women’s Rights

Movements advocating for women's suffrage and property rights, opposing legal and social discrimination.

Lucretia Mott

Leader in the women’s rights movement, co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Along with Mott, she organized the first women's rights convention, advocating for suffrage.

Seneca Falls (1848)

The first women's rights convention where resolutions for suffrage and equality were adopted.

Emma Willard

Pioneer in women’s education, establishing seminaries that offered advanced studies for women.

Catherine Beecher

Opposed female equality but promoted women’s roles as educators, establishing institutions for teaching.

Cult of True Womanhood

Ideal emphasizing women's domestic roles while providing avenues for social reform activities.

American Peace Society

Founded in 1828, it aimed to promote peace and disarmament in an era of rising national conflict.

Prison Reform

Efforts in the 19th century to reform prison conditions and approaches to rehabilitation.

Transcendentalists

A literary and philosophical movement emphasizing personal intuition and the connection to nature.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist essayist who advocated for individualism and spiritual self-reliance.

Henry David Thoreau, On Civil Disobedience

A defense of the right to oppose unjust laws, emphasizing personal conscience and action.

James Fenimore Cooper

Author of historical novels who introduced distinctly American themes and characters.

Herman Melville, Moby Dick

A novel delving into the complexities of the human mind and existence, marked by its pessimism.

Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter

A novel exploring themes of sin, guilt, and morality through the lens of Puritan society.

Edgar Allen Poe

Author known for his dark themes and exploration of psychological conflict in literature.

Washington Irving

Early American author known for his short stories such as 'Rip Van Winkle' and 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow'.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

New England poet known for works like 'Evangeline,' which celebrated American history and tradition.

Walt Whitman

Poet who broke traditional forms to create a unique voice in 'Leaves of Grass,' promoting individuality.

Abolitionism

The movement aimed at immediate end to slavery, often considered radical at the time.

American Antislavery Society

A key organization opposing slavery founded in 1833, divided by issues related to gender roles in abolition.

William Lloyd Garrison

Radical abolitionist and founder of 'The Liberator,' advocating immediate emancipation.

The Liberator

An influential anti-slavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison starting in 1831.

Theodore Weld

A prominent abolitionist and advocate for antislavery demonstrations during his time at Oberlin College.

Grimké Sisters

Angelina and Sarah who lectured against slavery and feminism, raising controversial issues in the 1830s.

Theodore Parker

Clergyman and abolitionist who actively participated in the movement and supported escapes from slavery.

Elijah Lovejoy

Editor and abolitionist killed by a mob for opposing slavery, sparking further anti-slavery sentiment.

Wendell Phillips

A prominent abolitionist and orator advocating for women's rights and the abolition of slavery.

Nat Turner's Insurrection

A slave revolt in Virginia in 1831 that led to heightened fears of slave insurrections among whites.

Gabriel Prosser

A Virginia slave who planned an uprising in 1800 that was foiled, leading to his execution.

Denmark Vesey

A freed slave who orchestrated a failed slave revolt in 1822 in South Carolina.

David Walker, Walker's Appeal

A call to arms for black rebellion against slavery, encouraging self-assertion among blacks.

Frederick Douglass

An escaped slave who became a leading figure in abolitionism, known for his powerful oratory.

Sojourner Truth

An influential abolitionist and women’s rights advocate known for her eloquent speeches.

Harriet Tubman

A former slave who made numerous efforts to rescue other slaves via the Underground Railroad.

Underground Railroad

A clandestine network aiding fugitive slaves in their escape to free states before the Civil War.

Creole Affair

An incident involving a slave uprising at sea that intensified sectional conflict in the U.S.