Digestive System & Bodily Functions

biology

peptide bond

covalent bond formed between amino acids

pH scale

scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Carbohydrates

Broken down to glucose to provide energy.

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

types of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.

Polysaccharides

large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

nucleic acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

RNA

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

Protein

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Amylase

Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

Peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

stomach

large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

Chyme

mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food

Bolus

A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva

small intestine

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place

large intestine

Absorbs water and forms feces

Rectum

stores feces

anus

A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body

Villi

Tiny finger-shaped structures that cover the inner surface of the small intestine and provide a large surface area through which digested food is absorbed

Pancreas

An organs in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach which produces digestive enzymes to break down carbs, lipids and protiens which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct.

liver

produces bile

Gallbladder

stores bile

Bile

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.

Pepsin

Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach

made of CHO in a 1:2:1 ration

Carbohydrates

made of CHONP

nucleic acids

made of CHONS

proteins

made of mostly C and H with some O

lipids

Satuarated fat

single bond, solid at room temp, BAD

unsaturated fats

A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds. healthier. many double bonded carbons.

lipid fuctions

stores energy, makes up cell membrane, insulation

protein function

1)enzyme 2) transmembrane transport 3) Cell I.D. 4)signal receptors 5) cell to cell adhesion 6)antibody

Carbohydrate function in the body

immediate energy source

nucleic acids function

store and transmit genetic information & makes proteins

carbohydrate food sources

bread, waffles, pasta, candy

Lipid food sources

Margarine, butter, oils, and animal products (choesterol)

Protein food sources

Meat, eggs, poultry, soy, seafood, nuts, peas, seeds