beliefs and conflicts during 19th-early 20th century

conservatism theme in europe

• Metternich’s Concert of Europe → concert of europe

  • agree with Edmund Burk on conservatism

War of Greek Independence

• Greek nationalists rebelled against conservative Ottoman Empire

• Russia, Britain, France send navy to Greece

  • weaken shared enemy of Ottomans

• London Protocol: Greece independent

July Revolution (France)

• Charles X pass July Ordinances (1830)

  • no middle class voting

  • censorship

• inspired Belgium revolution against Netherland

  • create Kingdom of Belgium

Revolutions of 1848

• (France) Louise-Philippe maintain conservative govt.

  • forced to establish French Republic

• motivate revolutions in Prussia and German states

Franco-Prussian War (unification)

• Frankfurt Assembly, constitution for unification

  • disagreements result in failure

• leader of Prussia reject offer for crown

• North(Protestant) adn South(Catholic) disagree

• formation of Northern German Confed: semi unify

• Unite to fight French over territory

  • peace through annexing Alsace-Corraine

Unification of Austria

• Austria fight separatists (Hung. and Slavs)

• Austro-Hungarian Empire: dual monarchy

Unification of Italy

• Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi

  • use Piedmont to unite Italy by 1860

Crimean War

• Britain and France ally with Turks against Russia

• prevent Russian growth

  • expose lack of development

  • motivate the emancipation fo serfs (1861)

• ended the concert of europe

Liberalism

• John Stuart Mill and Benthem: Utilitarianism

  • actions should be judged by happiness caused

    • differ from Christian morals

• advocate universal male suffrage

• laissez-faire → help working class

• differs from Enlightenment by considering all people, not just educated people

Chartism (England)

• universal male suffrage

• lead speeches, rallies, and petitions

Socialism

• belief that production means should be owned by community, not individuals

• arise from Industrial Revolution, which made few people wealthy and others poor

• utopian socialism

  • Saint Simon → Charles Fourier and Robert Owen

  • aristocracy and church are parasites

  • working class most important

Marxism (extension of socialism)

• Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels: Communist Manifesto

• believed in constant unevenness of power and wealth

• equal wealth and property distribution

• criticize capitalism

Anarchism

• all govt. oppressive and must be overthrown

• Mikhail Bakunin (russian): founder

• arise from devastation from Russia, Austria, and Prussia

Abolition Movement

• Britain issue anti-slavery legislation

  • first to ban slave trade (1807)

  • christian oppose violation of natural rights

causes of nationalism

• romanticism

  • literature bound people together

• liberal reforms

  • Napoleon III promote universal suffrage

• Political unification

  • Italy

• Racialism: one race superior

Pan-Slavism

• Slavs want independence → violence in the Balkans

• First Balkan War: slavs chase out Ott.

Anti-Semitism

• Karl Lueger: mayor of Vienna

  • Austrian Christian Social party

  • restrict Jewish immigration

• Dreyfus Affair: innocent Jew convicted of leaking military secrets to Germany

Zionist Movement

• Theodore Herzl: founder

• Balfour Declaration (1917): British support Jew in Palestine

  • move in but kick out Arabs in “Al-Nakba” (the catastrophe)