Studied by 22 people
Abnormality
Behavior that deviates from cultural norms, causes personal distress, is statistically infrequent, or impairs social functioning.
Harmful Dysfunction Theory
A theory proposed by Jerome Wakefield that defines mental disorders as a combination of harmful behaviors based on social norms and dysfunctional mental mechanisms.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
The prevailing diagnostic guide for mental health professionals, which defines mental disorders and provides criteria for their diagnosis.
Mental Disorder
A clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that indicates a dysfunction in mental functioning and is usually associated with significant distress or disability in work, relationships, or other areas of functioning.
Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome
A proposed diagnostic category in DSM-5 that describes a "light" version of schizophrenia characterized by less severe and shorter-lasting symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.
Diagnostic label
A term or name used to classify a particular human experience or mental disorder.
Attenuated psychosis syndrome
A diagnostic label for individuals who exhibit symptoms of psychosis but to a lesser extent, often viewed as slightly odd or eccentric rather than mentally ill.
Beneficial consequences
Positive outcomes that can result from being diagnosed with a specific mental disorder, such as identifying and demystifying the experience, feeling a sense of shared problem with others, acknowledging the significance of the experience, and accessing treatment options.
Harmful consequences
Negative outcomes that can result from being diagnosed with a specific mental disorder, such as stigma, stereotyping, and potential impact on legal issues.
Abnormality
The concept of deviating from the norm or standard, as defined by the DSM and clinical psychologists.
Misconceptions
False or incorrect beliefs held by individuals about mental disorders, such as the permanence of diagnoses or the belief that symptoms inevitably worsen over time.
Hippocrates
An ancient Greek physician who emphasized natural causes of psychopathology, specifically an imbalance of bodily fluids, as the underlying reason for mental illness.
Emil Kraepelin
A 19th-century psychiatrist who labeled specific categories of mental disorders and is considered a founding father of the current diagnostic system.
DSM-I and DSM-II
The first two editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which contained broad categories of disorders and were not scientifically or empirically based.
DSM-III
The third edition of the DSM, published in 1980, which introduced a more empirical approach to defining mental disorders, specific diagnostic criteria, and a multiaxial assessment system.
Axis I
Disorders that are more episodic and likely to have beginning and ending points.
Axis II
Disorders that are more stable or long-lasting.
Axis III
A place to list medical conditions relevant to the mental health issues.
Axis IV
A place to list psychosocial/environmental problems relevant to the mental health issues.
Axis V
The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale, a 100-point continuum describing the overall level of functioning.
DSM-III
A significantly longer and more expansive diagnostic manual than its predecessors.
DSM-III-R
A revision of DSM-III that retained the major changes instituted by DSM-III.
DSM-IV
Another revision of DSM-III that retained the major changes instituted by DSM-III.
DSM-IV-TR
A revision of DSM-IV that retained the major changes instituted by DSM-III.
DSM-5
The most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
A specific disorder characterized by excessive anxiety and worry.
Neurosis
A term used in earlier editions of DSM to describe anxiety disorders.
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
The primary way that diseases, including mental disorders, are coded and categorized in many countries outside the United States.
Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders
China's own system of classifying mental disorders.
Neuropsychology
The study of the relationship between the brain and behavior.
Dimensional definition of mental disorders
Viewing disorders along a continuum rather than strictly in a categorical way.
Personality disorders
A subset of mental disorders that may fit best with a dimensional conceptualization.
Emerging Measures and Models
A section in the DSM-5 that encourages researchers to study and potentially revise measures and models for future editions of the manual.
Personality Disorders
A category in the DSM-5 that includes various disorders related to personality traits and patterns of behavior.
Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome
A proposed disorder in the DSM-5 characterized by milder forms of hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech similar to schizophrenia.
Mixed Anxiety-Depressive Disorder
A proposed disorder in the DSM-5 characterized by symptoms of both anxiety and depression that do not meet the criteria for existing disorders.
Internet Gaming Disorder
A proposed disorder in the DSM-5 characterized by excessive and disruptive internet game-playing behavior.
DSM-5
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which introduces significant changes to the organization and presentation of the manual.
Multiaxial Assessment System
A system previously used in the DSM to classify disorders based on different axes, but was dropped in the DSM-5.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
A new disorder in the DSM-5 characterized by severe symptoms occurring during the premenstrual period.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
A new disorder in the DSM-5 characterized by frequent temper tantrums in children.
Binge Eating Disorder (BED)
A new disorder in the DSM-5 characterized by recurrent episodes of excessive eating without compensatory behaviors.
Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (Mild NCD)
A new disorder in the DSM-5 characterized by a modest decline in cognitive functions that does not interfere with independent living.
Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD)
A new disorder in the DSM-5 characterized by excessive focus on bodily symptoms and high anxiety related to those symptoms.
Hoarding Disorder
A new disorder in the DSM-5 characterized by difficulty discarding possessions and living in a cluttered environment.
Bereavement Exclusion
A previous exclusion in the DSM criteria for major depressive episode that was dropped in the DSM-5, allowing for the diagnosis of major depression in individuals mourning the death of a loved one.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
A revised diagnosis in the DSM-5 that combines previous diagnoses of autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, and related developmental disorders.
Social communication problems
Difficulties in effectively communicating and interacting with others.
Restrictive or repetitive behaviors and interests
Engaging in repetitive behaviors or having narrow, fixed interests.
Mild, moderate, or severe versions of the same problem
Autism spectrum disorder can manifest in varying degrees of severity.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Substance use disorder
A diagnosis that combines the previous separate diagnoses of substance abuse and substance dependence.
Intellectual disability (intellectual development disorder)
A renamed term for mental retardation, indicating significant limitations in intellectual functioning.
Specific learning disorder
A single diagnosis that encompasses learning disabilities in reading, math, and writing.
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
A category in DSM-5 that includes obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania, excoriation, and body dysmorphic disorder.
Depressive Disorders
A category in DSM-5 that includes disorders characterized by singularly sad mood.
Bipolar and Related Disorders
A category in DSM-5 that includes disorders characterized by mood alterations between sadness and mania.
Diagnostic overexpansion
Criticism that DSM-5 includes diagnoses that cover too much of normal life, labeling normal experiences as mental illnesses.
Transparency of the revision process
Criticism that the revision process of DSM-5 lacked transparency and was conducted behind closed doors.
Membership of the work groups
Criticism that the authors of DSM-5 were predominantly researchers and lacked sufficient clinical practice experience.
DSM
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a manual used by mental health professionals to diagnose and classify mental disorders.
Anxiety-based disorders
Anxiety-based disorders are a category of mental disorders characterized by excessive and persistent anxiety, fear, and worry.
Pros and cons of changes in DSM
The changes in the DSM have both advantages and disadvantages. Some pros include improved diagnostic criteria, increased emphasis on empirical research, and better communication between researchers and clinicians. However, some cons include the potential for stigma associated with diagnostic labels, the risk of trivializing mental illness, and controversies surrounding cutoffs and severity criteria.
Field trial problems
The field trials conducted for DSM-5 to test the reliability of new diagnoses with clinicians in real-world settings faced criticism for producing low reliability ratings and not addressing issues in a second stage of trials.
Price of DSM-5
The original list price for DSM-5 was significantly higher compared to previous editions, leading to criticism about the steep cost and potential influence of profits on the decision-making process.
Criticisms of the DSM
The DSM has received both praise and criticism. Some strengths include its emphasis on empirical research, explicit diagnostic criteria, and facilitating communication between researchers and clinicians. However, criticisms include concerns about the breadth of coverage, potential stigma associated with diagnostic labels, and controversies surrounding cultural specificity and comorbidity.
Considering Culture
The DSM-5 includes a Glossary of Cultural Concepts of Distress, which lists syndromes and experiences that are relatively unique to particular cultures. The inclusion of anorexia and bulimia in the official DSM disorders raises questions about their cultural specificity and whether cultural factors should influence the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
Breadth of Coverage
Recent editions of the DSM have expanded the number of disorders, leading to concerns about categorizing experiences that may not be forms of mental illness. Some argue that the inclusion of disorders with physical factors and problems in day-to-day life may trivialize mental illness and increase the likelihood of comorbidity.
Controversial Cutoffs
The presence of specific symptoms and cutoffs in the DSM has raised questions about how these criteria are determined and whether they are arbitrary or subjective. The controversy surrounding cutoffs includes debates about the role of consensus versus empirical data and the challenges of defining significant distress or impairment.
Cultural Issues
The DSM-5 has made advancements in considering cultural issues regarding mental disorders, including the inclusion of a Glossary of Cultural Concepts of Distress. These advancements aim to recognize the influence of culture on psychological problems and the need for culturally sensitive diagnosis and treatment.
Outline for Cultural Formulation
A tool in the DSM-5 designed to help clinicians assess cultural factors in a culturally competent way.
Cultural Formulation Interview
A companion to the Outline for Cultural Formulation that helps clinicians gather information about a patient's cultural background and its impact on their mental health.
Glossary of cultural concepts of distress
A resource in the DSM-5 that provides terms used by different cultural groups to describe specific psychological conditions.
Cultural variations
The recognition that certain disorders may be expressed differently in diverse cultures, as stated in the DSM-5.
Gender Bias
The criticism that certain diagnostic categories in the DSM-5 may disproportionately pathologize one gender over the other.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
A new disorder included in the DSM-5 that is characterized by clinically significant distress or interference with daily functioning during the week before the menstrual period.
Nonempirical Influences
Factors such as politics, public opinion, and financial concerns that may have influenced the decision-making process in creating the DSM-5.
Homosexuality
In earlier editions of the DSM, homosexuality was considered a disorder, but it is no longer considered a disorder in more recent editions.
Limitations on Objectivity
Despite the emphasis on empiricism in defining mental disorders, there is a limit to the objectivity of the DSM. Expert consensus and societal changes can influence the decisions and judgments made in the DSM.
Categorical Approach
The DSM has traditionally used a categorical approach to diagnosis, where individuals are placed definitively in the "yes" or "no" category regarding a particular disorder.
Dimensional Approach
The dimensional approach proposes that the issue is not the presence or absence of a disorder, but rather where on a continuum a client's symptoms fall. It focuses on rating individuals on a dimension rather than assigning a categorical label.
Five-Factor Model of Personality
The five-factor model of personality, also known as the "Big Five" model, suggests that all individuals share the same fundamental characteristics but differ in the amounts of these characteristics they possess. This model has been proposed as a way to describe personality problems in a dimensional approach to psychopathology.
Metaphor of Chocolate Chip Cookies
The metaphor of chocolate chip cookies is used to explain the dimensional model of psychopathology. It suggests that differences between abnormal and normal individuals can be quantitative (differences in amounts of traits) or qualitative (differences in the presence of different traits).
Empirical Support for Dimensional Model
The dimensional model, particularly based on the Big Five personality factors, has empirical support for conceptualizing personality disorders. Certain personality disorders can be mapped onto the five factors of personality.
Debate between Dimensional and Categorical Models
The debate between the dimensional and categorical models of psychopathology raises questions about whether individuals are made of the same psychological "ingredients" and whether differences between abnormal and normal individuals should be understood as quantitative or qualitative. This debate has implications for assessment and treatment conducted by clinical psychologists.
Categorical approach
An approach to psychopathology that categorizes disorders as either present or absent.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
A manual used for diagnosing mental disorders.
Dimensional approach
An alternative approach to psychopathology that describes the extent to which clients have particular universal characteristics rather than whether or not they have a disorder.
DSM-I
The first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
DSM-II
The second edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
DSM-III
The third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
DSM-III-R
The revised third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
DSM-IV
The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
DSM-IV-TR
The text revision of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
DSM-5
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Harmful dysfunction theory
A theory that defines abnormality as the failure of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function.
Medical model of psychopathology
A perspective that views mental disorders as medical illnesses.
Multiaxial assessment
An assessment system used in previous editions of the DSM that considered multiple aspects of an individual's functioning.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
A disorder characterized by severe mood symptoms that occur during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle.
Proposed criteria set
A set of criteria suggested for the diagnosis of a specific disorder.
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