Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular system - blood

What type of tissue is blood

Blood is a specialized fluid connective tissue

What are the two fluid connective tissues in the body

Blood and lymph

What are the major functions of blood

Transport, defense, and regulation of homeostasis

What does blood transport

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes, and immune cells

How does blood help maintain homeostasis

By regulating pH, fluid balance, and distributing heat and chemicals

What role does blood play in temperature regulation

It absorbs heat and redistributes it throughout the body

What are the two main components of whole blood

Plasma and formed elements

What are formed elements

The cellular components of blood including RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

What is plasma

The liquid matrix of blood that contains proteins, nutrients, hormones, and wastes

What is serum

Plasma without clotting proteins

What protein is removed to convert plasma to serum

Fibrinogen

Name the three major classes of plasma proteins

Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

Which protein is most important for osmotic pressure

Albumins

Which protein is essential for clotting

Fibrinogen

What is the average blood volume in adults

About 5 liters

What does hypovolemic mean

Having abnormally low blood volume

What is the normal pH range of blood

7.35 to 7.45

Name the three types of formed elements

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Which formed element transports gases

Red blood cells

Which formed element is involved in clotting

Platelets

What is the function of red blood cells

To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Do mature RBCs have nuclei

No, mature red blood cells lack nuclei

What protein makes up most of an RBC

Hemoglobin

What does hemoglobin bind

Oxygen

What metal ion is found in heme

Iron (Fe²⁺)

What are leukocytes

White blood cells involved in immune defense

What are the two classes of leukocytes

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Which WBCs are granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Which WBCs are agranulocytes

Monocytes and lymphocytes

Which leukocyte is most abundant

Neutrophils

Which leukocyte responds first to injury

Neutrophils

Which leukocyte is associated with parasitic infections

Eosinophils

Which leukocyte releases histamine

Basophils

Which leukocyte becomes macrophages

Monocytes

What is chemotaxis

Movement of cells toward a chemical signal

What is diapedesis

Movement of leukocytes through capillary walls

Are platelets cells

No, they are cell fragments

What cells produce platelets

Megakaryocytes

What is the function of platelets

Blood clotting and vessel repair

What is hemopoiesis

The formation of blood cells

Where does blood cell formation occur after birth

Red bone marrow

What organs contribute during fetal development

Liver and spleen

What determines blood type

The presence or absence of surface antigens on red blood cells

What blood type is the universal donor

Type O

What does Rh factor refer to

The presence or absence of the Rh antigen