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What was the aim of Bartlett's 'War of the Ghosts' study?
To investigate how cultural schemas influence memory recall.
What method did Bartlett use in his study?
Participants read the story and then reproduced it from memory after varying time intervals.
What were the main findings of Bartlett's study?
Recollections became shorter, more coherent, and aligned with participants' cultural expectations.
What does 'schema' refer to in psychology?
Schemas are mental structures that help us organize and interpret information based on past experiences.
How did participants in Bartlett's study distort the story?
They changed unfamiliar terms to more familiar ones and omitted supernatural elements.
What does reconstructive memory imply according to Bartlett?
Memory is not a passive recording but an active process of reconstruction.
What was the aim of Brewer and Treyens’ 1981 study?
To investigate how schemas affect memory for places.
What was the method used in Brewer and Treyens’ study?
Participants waited in an office setting and were later asked to recall items from the room.
What did Brewer and Treyens conclude about memory encoding?
Schemas influence what information is noticed and encoded into memory.
How did Brewer and Treyens' study illustrate memory distortion?
Participants falsely remembered items that fit their schema but were not present.
What experienced real-world relevance did Brewer and Treyens' study exhibit?
The realistic setting of an office increased ecological validity.
What were the limitations of Brewer and Treyens’ 1981 study?
Artificial setting and a homogeneous sample limited generalizability.
What was the objective of the Loftus & Palmer (1974) study?
To investigate how the wording of questions could distort eyewitness testimony.
What was a key finding from the Loftus & Palmer study?
The verb used influenced participants' speed estimates of car collisions.
What did Loftus & Palmer's follow-up experiment show?
Participants who heard 'smashed' were more likely to falsely remember broken glass.
How does Loftus & Palmer's study relate to schema theory?
It shows how post-event information can alter memory recall based on existing schemas.
What suggestion of language does the Loftus & Palmer study make regarding memory recall?
The language used in questioning can shape and distort our memories.
What were the strengths of the Loftus & Palmer study?
Controlled experiment and significant practical implications for legal practices.
What are the limitations associated with Loftus & Palmer’s research?
Ecological validity and sample diversity limits.
What was the goal of Anderson and Pichert's 1978 study?
To investigate how schemas affect both the encoding and retrieval of information.
What unique method did Anderson and Pichert employ in their study?
Participants read a story from different perspectives, either as a homebuyer or a burglar.
What was a key finding from the Anderson and Pichert study?
Participants who switched perspectives recalled more information than they did initially.
How do schemas influence both encoding and retrieval according to Anderson and Pichert?
They guide attention and affect how details are recalled based on current schemas.
What are the implications of Anderson and Pichert's study for memory research?
Supports the idea that memory is reconstructive and influenced by schemas.
What practical applications arise from understanding schemas in memory?
It can improve methods in teaching, eyewitness testimony, and memory recall.
What was the procedure followed by participants in Anderson and Pichert's study?
They performed a distraction task after reading and recalled the story later.
What is one example of schema influence observed in Brewer and Treyens’ study?
Participants remembered items like desks and chairs but omitted atypical items.
What cognitive concept does Bartlett’s study primarily focus on?
Schema theory and its impact on reconstructive memory.
In what way did Brewer and Treyens’ study support schema theory?
It showed that schemas assist in organizing and interpreting information, influencing memory recall.
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