geography - option E 2/2

carrying capacity

» perceptual capacity - maximum amount of people that others are likely to tolerate

» natural capacity - how many people can the land/area tolerate

resilience

the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties

» increased resilience study case: Dubrovnik, Machu Picchu (limiting amounts of people)

unsustainable touristic growth (rural example)

Lulworth Cove, England

» footpath erosion

» litter

» destruction of important geological sites

in order to make tourism more sustainable:

• footpath management, such as rerouting paths

• improved education through boards and leaflets

• opening Lulworth Castle, to take some pressure of the Cove

unsustainable touristic growth (urban example)

Oxford, England

» most accommodation was only available to richer guests

» some green space had to be eliminated, in order to build parking spaces, etc.

» noise and traffic congestion

sustainable tourism (def)

using the space and resources without compromising it for the future generations

• environmental aspect

• human aspect (ex. decent pay)

sustainable tourism (examples)

case study [sustainable tourism]: Uganda

• agriculture and tourism are two most important aspects of the economy in Uganda

• challenges: deforestation, local accommodation

• solutions: gorilla tourism, better accommodation, projects for locals to make money (bee keeping, fishing, arts, learning languages)

• consequences: increase in incomes, new water tanks, supply chains development, preservation of the environment

 

case study [sustainable tourism]: Turkey

• ancient, endangered species of turtles (Caretta caretta)

• turtles are the symbol of the village

• vegetable, fruit farming as the main income source of local families

• tourists are informed about the dangers concerning the turtles

• people are not allowed on the beach after 8 p.m. and the restaurant use dimmed lights

(because lights can stress out and mislead the turtles)

• tourists take part in cleaning the each every 15 days/month

• tourists are involved in the process where the hatchlings enter the water

• successful? yes, tourists and locals >> increased

 

case study [sustainable tourism]: Mexico, Oaxaca

• focus is put on local supply, not foreign imports

• local farming, organizing entertainment

• spreading information about sustainability, education

• spreading the Mayan culture - tourism was an incentive for the locals to preserve the culture

ecotourism (def)

a form of tourism marketed as "responsible" travel; conserving the environment and improving the well-being of the local people

when does sustainable tourism become an eco one?

when the ecological concern outweighs the economic benefit

factors influencing future international tourism

social

• growing access to information

• education (languages)

• reunion with family members

• access to technology (communication)

political

• open borders (liberalization) // id is needed for privileges

• personal freedom, feminism

• free sky

• increased safety

environmental

• flygskam - "flight shame"

economic

• increase in income (people are richer)

• lowered costs of travel (flying)

• BlaBlaCar

• more availability in prices of accommodation

demographic

• increased migration (experience of new cultures)

use of social media

• being influenced by celebrities and users >> increased/decreased tourism

• rising influencers feel the need to go to "instagrammable" places >> increased tourism

• faster spread of advertisement >> increased tourism

• apps that share touristic recommendations, opinions, ratings >> increased/decreased tourism

international security

• specific cases of dangerous behavior like terrorism, natural disasters, domestic conflicts >> decreased tourism

• political issues, lack of human rights, totalitarian gov, ex. North Korea >> decreased tourism

• unpopular laws, policies (a young Dutch woman accused of sex outside of marriage in Dubai after being raped) >> decreased tourism

diaspora growth (ethnic groups outside of their homeland)

• people finding out their heritage and visiting their homeland >> increased tourism

• people who migrated return home for, ex. christmas or visit relatives >> increased tourism

political influence on international sports

• due to international agreements new international events are created, ex. Europe >> European Football Championship + UEFA (Union of European Football Associations)

• due to wars, conflicts some athletes are excluded (ex. Russia due to the war cannot perform under their flag)

gender in sports

• in 2016, 45% of athletes were women

• gender pay gap is basically in every sport

• in some countries, ex. Azerbaijan, women in sports is very unpopular and not supported

(same for Paralympics)

• technically there is equality in terms of opportunity, as every sport has a category for men and women, but pay and interest in those are different

Paralympics

• raises awareness about the existence of disabled people

• raises awareness about false assumptions regarding disabilities

• there is a lot of inequality and lack of accessibility for disabled people (regular even) and although there are possible solutions, the implementation will take time, especially since the scale of the problem is huge (international)