carrying capacity
» perceptual capacity - maximum amount of people that others are likely to tolerate
» natural capacity - how many people can the land/area tolerate
resilience
the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties
» increased resilience study case: Dubrovnik, Machu Picchu (limiting amounts of people)
unsustainable touristic growth (rural example)
Lulworth Cove, England
» footpath erosion
» litter
» destruction of important geological sites
in order to make tourism more sustainable:
footpath management, such as rerouting paths
improved education through boards and leaflets
opening Lulworth Castle, to take some pressure of the Cove
unsustainable touristic growth (urban example)
Oxford, England
» most accommodation was only available to richer guests
» some green space had to be eliminated, in order to build parking spaces, etc.
» noise and traffic congestion
sustainable tourism (def)
using the space and resources without compromising it for the future generations
environmental aspect
human aspect (ex. decent pay)
sustainable tourism (examples)
case study [sustainable tourism]: Uganda
agriculture and tourism are two most important aspects of the economy in Uganda
challenges: deforestation, local accommodation
solutions: gorilla tourism, better accommodation, projects for locals to make money (bee keeping, fishing, arts, learning languages)
consequences: increase in incomes, new water tanks, supply chains development, preservation of the environment
case study [sustainable tourism]: Turkey
ancient, endangered species of turtles (Caretta caretta)
turtles are the symbol of the village
vegetable, fruit farming as the main income source of local families
tourists are informed about the dangers concerning the turtles
people are not allowed on the beach after 8 p.m. and the restaurant use dimmed lights
(because lights can stress out and mislead the turtles)
tourists take part in cleaning the each every 15 days/month
tourists are involved in the process where the hatchlings enter the water
successful? yes, tourists and locals >> increased
case study [sustainable tourism]: Mexico, Oaxaca
focus is put on local supply, not foreign imports
local farming, organizing entertainment
spreading information about sustainability, education
spreading the Mayan culture - tourism was an incentive for the locals to preserve the culture
ecotourism (def)
a form of tourism marketed as "responsible" travel; conserving the environment and improving the well-being of the local people
when does sustainable tourism become an eco one?
when the ecological concern outweighs the economic benefit
factors influencing future international tourism
social
growing access to information
education (languages)
reunion with family members
access to technology (communication)
political
open borders (liberalization) // id is needed for privileges
personal freedom, feminism
free sky
increased safety
environmental
flygskam - "flight shame"
economic
increase in income (people are richer)
lowered costs of travel (flying)
BlaBlaCar
more availability in prices of accommodation
demographic
increased migration (experience of new cultures)
use of social media
being influenced by celebrities and users >> increased/decreased tourism
rising influencers feel the need to go to "instagrammable" places >> increased tourism
faster spread of advertisement >> increased tourism
apps that share touristic recommendations, opinions, ratings >> increased/decreased tourism
international security
specific cases of dangerous behavior like terrorism, natural disasters, domestic conflicts >> decreased tourism
political issues, lack of human rights, totalitarian gov, ex. North Korea >> decreased tourism
unpopular laws, policies (a young Dutch woman accused of sex outside of marriage in Dubai after being raped) >> decreased tourism
diaspora growth (ethnic groups outside of their homeland)
people finding out their heritage and visiting their homeland >> increased tourism
people who migrated return home for, ex. christmas or visit relatives >> increased tourism
political influence on international sports
due to international agreements new international events are created, ex. Europe >> European Football Championship + UEFA (Union of European Football Associations)
due to wars, conflicts some athletes are excluded (ex. Russia due to the war cannot perform under their flag)
gender in sports
in 2016, 45% of athletes were women
gender pay gap is basically in every sport
in some countries, ex. Azerbaijan, women in sports is very unpopular and not supported
(same for Paralympics)
technically there is equality in terms of opportunity, as every sport has a category for men and women, but pay and interest in those are different
Paralympics
raises awareness about the existence of disabled people
raises awareness about false assumptions regarding disabilities
there is a lot of inequality and lack of accessibility for disabled people (regular even) and although there are possible solutions, the implementation will take time, especially since the scale of the problem is huge (international)