Studied by 29 peopleAssimilation
when an individual abandons their original culture and adopts the cultural behaviours and values of a new culture.
Confirmation bias
This is the tendency to pay attention to information that is in line with one's stereotypes.
Dispositional factors
individual characteristics that influence behavior and actions in a person - such as personality or temperament.
Informational social influence
Also known as social proof - when people look to the actions of others in an attempt to determine how to behave in a given situation.
In-group bias
favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members.
Normative social influence
when a person conforms to be liked or accepted by members of a group.
Salience
when one is highly aware of one of their membership to a social group.
Self-efficacy
one's belief in one's ability to succeed accomplishing a task.
Social comparison
a drive within individuals to gain accurate self-evaluations by comparing oneself to other people.
Social context
how someone reacts to something depending on their immediate social or physical environment.
Vicarious reinforcement
our tendency to repeat or imitate behaviors for which others are being rewarded.
Conformity
A change in behaviour as a result of real or imagined group pressure/norms, as a result of social comparison
Pluralistic ignorance
A conformity type where you do nothing because no one else is doing anything
Out-group discrimination
Form of cognitive bias that causes us to hold negative attitudes towards outgroups
Positive distinctiveness
Seek to achieve positive self-esteem by positively comparing our in-groups to an out-group on valued dimensions
Social categorization
The process by which we identify which groups we belong to and which group we don’t belong to
Social identification
The process of adopting to norms and taking on characteristics of in-group, after you have decided to belong to a group
Social Identity Theory
The idea that we have many differnet identities, derived from percieved memberships of social group
Social cognitive learning theory
The idea that behvaiour is learned from the environment through modelling and reinforcement
Cultural norms
Shared expectations, values, and rules that guide the behavior of people within a cultural group, passed down from generation to generation. Â
Cultural dimensions
A continuum of values onto which members of different cultures can generally be grouped; they describe broad patterns of differences between cultures, rather than individual differences.
Ecological fallacy
When a conclusion is made about individuals based on group members. For example, assuming that because John is an American, he is individualistic.Â
Individualism
Cultures that stress the needs of the individual over the needs of the group as a whole, part of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions
Collectivism
Cultures that emphasizes the importance of the group and social cooperation, part of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions
Long-term orientation
Focused on the furture
Short-term orientation
When you are focused on the present or past and consider them more important than the future. You value tradition, the current social hierarchy, and fulfilling your social obligations.
Power distance
How individuals relate to power and authority. If low: culture is more democratic and believe that their voices should be heard. If high: culture is paternalistic and centralize authority, people accept their place in social hiearchy
Uncertainty avoidance
Whether individuals see unknown situations as a threat or challange. High — means there you tend to stick with what is familiar, there are lots of rules, don’t like change
Femininity vs Masculinity
Whether cultures are based on feminine (Equality, cooperation, good relationships with people) or masculine values (Competition, work)
Enculturation
The processes, beginning in early childhood, by which particular cultural values, ideas, beliefs, and behavioral patterns are adopted by the members of society
Cultural norms
Sets of societal expectations that influence behavior, tell us what kinds of behavior are appropriate/accepted or inappropriate.
Direct tuition
Teaching young children how to behave by reinforcing "appropriate" behaviors and by punishing or otherwise discouraging "inappropriate" behaviors
Participatory learning
Actively taking part in the learning process and applying learning from other situations
Vertical transmission
The passing down of cultural norms from one generation to another
Observational learning
Learning through simply observing and imitating others, with the help of identification with model
Rite of passage
Cermony or event making an important stage in someone’s life, especially the transition from childhood to adulthood
Acculturation
The psychological and behavioral adjustments that occur within individuals who come into contact with others from different cultural backgrounds
Acculturative stress
The anxiety that one may feel when attempting to assimilate into a new culture
Assimilation
The process in which a minority group or culture adopts the values, behaviors, and beliefs of the majority group, without staying connected to original culture
Integration
The process in which an individual assumes the beliefs, values, and behaviors of another culture without losing the characteristics of his or her own culture
Marginalization
A failure to acculturate when it is not really possible to maintain one’s original culture, but because of exclusion or discrimination, it is not possible to assimilate into the new culture
Protective factors
Conditions or attributes in individuals, families, communities, or the larger society that help people deal more effectively with stressful events
Separation
When migrants maintain their own culture and minimize contact with the new culture
Reactive identification
When individual strengthens their ethnic or racial identity in response to discrimination
Immigrant paradox
“Greater” degrees of acculturations associated with problematic health outcomes
Local culture
Culture that individual is enculturated in
Global culture
Culture of trade, diplomacy, internet - culture that individual is acculturated into
Identity confusion
Difficulty ingegrating oneself into a single “identity” as one tries to determine one’s values and place in soceity
Delocalization
When one has a strong sense of global indentity but fails to identify with their local culture
Etic approach
Provide an outsider’s perspective
Emic approach
Provide an insider’s perspective
Cultural insensitivity
Ignorance of cultural differences which are important protectice facotrs for individuals
Dehumanization
Belief that individuals in other cultures lack ability to understand/adress their own mental health issues, underminding their autonomy
Risk factors
Characteristics at the biological, psychological, family, community, or cultural level that precede and are associated with a higher likelihood of negative outcomes
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