BIOA01H3 F - Module 3: Lecture 02

Animal Cell

A type of cell found in animals that contains cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, and mitochondria.

Plant Cell

A type of cell found in plants that contains cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, permanent vacuole, and chloroplast.

Eukaryote

A group of organisms that have cells with a nucleus, including Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista.

Prokaryote

A group of organisms that have cells without a nucleus, including Archaea and Bacteria.

Cell Membrane

A selective barrier composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that controls the movement of molecules between the inside and outside of the cell.

Endomembrane System

An interconnected system of membranes that includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane.

Mitochondria

Organelles involved in harnessing energy and likely evolved from free-living prokaryotes.

Chloroplasts

Organelles involved in harnessing energy and likely evolved from free-living prokaryotes, found in plant cells.

Cell Theory

The theory that all organisms are made up of cells, the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and cells come from preexisting cells.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Passive Transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane without the use of energy.

Active Transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane against the concentration gradient, requiring the use of energy.

Primary Active Transport

The use of ATP to move ions against the concentration gradient.

Secondary Active Transport

The movement of molecules driven by the movement of protons created by primary active transport.

Endocytosis

The process of bringing material from outside the cell into a vesicle that can fuse with other organelles.

Exocytosis

The process of a vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing its contents into the extracellular space.

Nuclear Envelope

The membrane that surrounds the nucleus and contains nuclear pores for communication with the rest of the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle involved in lipid and protein synthesis, consisting of rough ER (associated with ribosomes) and smooth ER (lacks ribosomes).

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that modifies proteins and lipids from the ER, sorts them, and synthesizes carbohydrates.

Lysosomes

Specialized vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus that degrade proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and complex carbohydrates.

Cell Wall

A rigid structure surrounding the cell membrane in plant cells that maintains cell shape and provides support.

Vacuole

A large, permanent organelle in plant cells that stores water, nutrients, and waste products.

Turgor Pressure

The force exerted by water pressing against the cell wall, important for maintaining cell shape and performing certain functions in fungi.