BIOA01H3 F - Module 3: Lecture 02

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24 Terms

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Animal Cell

A type of cell found in animals that contains cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, and mitochondria.

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Plant Cell

A type of cell found in plants that contains cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, permanent vacuole, and chloroplast.

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Eukaryote

A group of organisms that have cells with a nucleus, including Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista.

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Prokaryote

A group of organisms that have cells without a nucleus, including Archaea and Bacteria.

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Cell Membrane

A selective barrier composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that controls the movement of molecules between the inside and outside of the cell.

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Endomembrane System

An interconnected system of membranes that includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane.

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Mitochondria

Organelles involved in harnessing energy and likely evolved from free-living prokaryotes.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles involved in harnessing energy and likely evolved from free-living prokaryotes, found in plant cells.

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Cell Theory

The theory that all organisms are made up of cells, the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and cells come from preexisting cells.

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Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

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Passive Transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane without the use of energy.

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Active Transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane against the concentration gradient, requiring the use of energy.

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Primary Active Transport

The use of ATP to move ions against the concentration gradient.

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Secondary Active Transport

The movement of molecules driven by the movement of protons created by primary active transport.

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Endocytosis

The process of bringing material from outside the cell into a vesicle that can fuse with other organelles.

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Exocytosis

The process of a vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing its contents into the extracellular space.

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Nuclear Envelope

The membrane that surrounds the nucleus and contains nuclear pores for communication with the rest of the cell.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle involved in lipid and protein synthesis, consisting of rough ER (associated with ribosomes) and smooth ER (lacks ribosomes).

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Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that modifies proteins and lipids from the ER, sorts them, and synthesizes carbohydrates.

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Lysosomes

Specialized vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus that degrade proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and complex carbohydrates.

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Cell Wall

A rigid structure surrounding the cell membrane in plant cells that maintains cell shape and provides support.

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Vacuole

A large, permanent organelle in plant cells that stores water, nutrients, and waste products.

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Turgor Pressure

The force exerted by water pressing against the cell wall, important for maintaining cell shape and performing certain functions in fungi.