CTY Honors Biology Unit Lesson 8.1

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Description and Tags

- Ecological Organization - Food Chains and Webs - Climates

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56 Terms

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ecology

study of organism interactions with each other and environment *living impossible without interactions

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species

organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

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population

same species in the same area

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community

two or more populations in the same area

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ecosystem

community + physical environment

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biome

group of ecosystems with climate and organism similarities

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biosphere

all life on Earth and where all life exists

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environment

every factor surrounding organism

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abiotic factor

non-living physical factors

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biotic factors

living organisms

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autotrophs

  • food synthesis from inorganic compounds+usable energy sources

  • consumed by others

  • primary producers

  • plants, some bacteria, some protists

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photoautotrophs

  • energy source: light (photosynthesis)

  • CO2 + H2O+light energy → carbs + O2

  • plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria

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chemautotrophs

  • energy source: inorganic compounds (chemosynthesis [oxidation])

  • CO2+H2s+O2 → carbs+sulfur compounds

  • archea

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hereotrophs

  • dependent on others for food

  • consumers

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decomposers

feed on dead matter, produce detritus

  • fungi+bacteria

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detrivores

feed on detritus+decomposers

  • earthworms, shrimp, snails

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herbivores

plant-eating

  • rabbits, cows

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carnivores

meat-eating

  • cats, dogs

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scavengers

eat dead animals

  • hyenas, vultures

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omnivores

plants+meat-eating

  • humans, bears, bigs

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energy flows

  • ecosystems need an energy flow

  • one-way: primary producers → consumers

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food chain

linear transfer of energy+matter through species

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food chain components

  • primary producer: grass

  • primary consumer: grasshopper

  • secondary consumer: beetle

  • tertiary consumer: frog

  • quaternary consumer: snake

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food web

diagram of complex feeding relationships + intersecting food chains

*detrivores + decomposers are essential: recycle nutrients/raw materials from dead animals

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food web example

  • primary producers

  • organisms consumed (wide variety of consumers at each level)

  • decomposers/detrivores recycle energy+matter to primary producers

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food web disturbances

complexity makes it difficult to predict the consequences

  • human industrialization/population affect

  • geological events/natural disasters affect

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energy/trophic levels

only 10% of total energy is transferred in one-way direction (90% for metabolism+heat)

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ecological pyramids

represent energy or matter relationships

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energy pyamids

  • 1st trophic level (100%)

    • primary producers

  • 2nd trophic level (10%)

    • primary consumers

  • 3rd trophic level (1%)

    • secondary consumers

  • 4th trophic level (0.1%)

    • tertiary consumers

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biomass

amount of organic matter in given level

*grams per unit of area

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biomass pyramid

1*10^5 kg

1*10^7 jg

1×10^9 kg

*biomass cannot be supported as the amount of organisms consumed to support energy increases

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numbers pyramid

relative number of organisms at trophic level

*can be upside down (increasing volume vs. decreasing volume) depending on how the energy needs and biomass is distributed

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biogeochemical cycles

matter redistribution/recycling pathways

  • abiotic+biotic factors

  • biological, geological, chemical, and human activities have effects

*Law of Conservation of Mass

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biological process

eating, breathing, eliminating waste

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geological processes

earthquakes, volcanoes

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chemical+physical processes

precipitation, lighting (weather)

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human activity

agriculture, deforestation, fuel use

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water cycle

*water is essential to all life: chemical reactions, universal solvent, habitat

  • the transferring and recycling of water between land, organisms, atmosphere, ocean

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evaporation

liquid vaporization (water from large bodies rises)

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transpiration

water evaporation in planta stomata

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condensation

gas to liquid change in atmosphere (clouds)

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precipitation

liquid water returns to surface

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runoff

water flowers across land back into bodies of water

*some absorbed by soil for plants

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infiltration

water collects in underground reservoirs

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carbon cycle

*extremely abundant element: proitens, carbs, nucleic acids, fat

  • entering and exiting of CO2 with atmosphere

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respiration

CO2 released/eliminated when )2 and glucose combine

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photosynthesis

CO2 taken in with water+energy to make glucose

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fossil fuels

CO2 storage when organic matter decomposes and fossilizes (CO2 released when burnt)

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CO2’s effect on global warming

  • the volume of CO2 being released from burning fossil fuels is too much for plants, especially with deforestation

  • lets in light, traps heat (greenhouse gas) which warms the earth (global warming)

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nitrogen cycle

*extremely abundant in living organisms: nucleic acid, protein (78% os air is N2/nitrogen gas)

  • conversion of N2 into usable compounds and vice versa

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nitrogen fixation

bacteria convert N2 → ammonia NH3

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nitrification

bacteria convert ammonia/ammonium → nitrites NO2- and nitrates NO3-

  • primary producers use as nitrogen source

  • consumers get nitrogen from primary producers

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denitrification

bacteria convert nitrates NH3 → N2

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atmospheric nitrogen fixation

lighting

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nitrogen cycle steps

  1. nitrogen-fixing bacteria turn N2 into usable compounds (ammonia/ammonium)

  2. nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium first into nitrates+nitrites

  3. plants assimilate the nitrates

  4. animals consume plants

  5. animals/plants die, decomposers turn organic nitrogen into ammonium

  6. denitrifying bacteria turn nitrates to N2 to atmosphere

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phosphorus cycle

*in nucleic acids

  • not in atmosphere: land (rocks+soil) and ocean (marine sediments)

  • erosion+weathering dissolve phosphorus from rocks/soil

  • plants absorb phosphorus into organic compounds

  • consumers receive organic phosphorus, rest dissolves into water, then oceans

  • after death phosphorus is recycled back into environment