chapters 9 and 11

What is the focus of developmental psychology?

The scientific study of development across a lifespan, focusing on how people change and mature

According to the normative approach, what is measured?

Age-related averages of developmental milestones

Which development is an example of discontinuous development?

Sudden development of object permanence in infants

The Ache society example shows that:

Developmental timing varies by context and culture, but functions are universal

The nature vs. nurture debate asks:

Are we who we are because of biology (nature) or environment (nurture)?

What is the primary focus of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

How thinking and reasoning develop through stages

In Piaget’s theory, assimilation occurs when a child:

Fits new information into an existing schema

An infant learning that a hidden toy still exists shows:

Object permanence

In the preoperational stage, why do children struggle with logical operations?

They cannot yet perform mental operations like conservation

A child who understands that others can have different thoughts and feelings is developing:

Theory of Mind (TOM)

In Ainsworth’s Strange Situation, a child who clings to the caregiver and is difficult to soothe shows:

Resistant attachment

According to Erikson, the psychosocial task during adolescence is:

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A parent who is nurturing, sets rules, and explains reasons likely practices:

Authoritative parenting

A toddler refusing help tying their shoes is displaying:

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A teratogen is:

Any environmental agent causing damage to a developing embryo or fetus

Cognitive empathy refers to the ability to:

Take others' perspectives and feel concern for them

What is one result of Socioemotional Selectivity Theory in late adulthood?

Older adults maintain fewer but deeper relationships

According to Kübler-Ross, which is NOT one of the five stages of grief?

Revenge

Personality is defined as:

The unique, consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Freud believed that personality is mainly influenced by:

Unconscious drives

In Freud’s model, the id operates on the:

Pleasure principle

The part of personality that acts as the "moral compass" is the:

Superego

Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable feelings to others?

Projection

Carl Jung’s collective unconscious consists of:

Universal themes shared across cultures

Alfred Adler emphasized the importance of:

Feelings of inferiority and striving for superiority

According to Bandura’s social-cognitive theory, behavior is influenced by:

Reciprocal determinism between behavior, cognitive factors, and environment

Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of:

Unconditional positive regard

In the Five-Factor Model, which trait refers to being organized and dependable?

Conscientiousness

Which best defines locus of control?

Belief about the amount of control one has over events in life

A culture that values independence and personal achievement most likely has a(n):

Individualist orientation

Which of the following is an example of a gross motor skill?

Running and balancing

Freud proposed that personality develops through:

Childhood conflicts and unconscious processes

According to Freud, the ego operates on which principle?

Reality principle

Which Neo-Freudian theorist emphasized social relationships as a driving force?

Erik Erikson

Carl Jung believed in archetypes, which are:

Universal themes in the collective unconscious

Karen Horney emphasized:

The role of culture and social environment in personality

In behaviorist approaches, personality is:

Learned behavior patterns shaped by reinforcement and punishment

In social-cognitive theory, reciprocal determinism means:

Behavior, environment, and personal factors all influence each other

According to Carl Rogers, mismatch between ideal and real self is called:

Incongruence

Maslow believed the highest human need was:

Self-actualization

In the Five-Factor Model, a cooperative and trusting person scores high on:

Agreeableness

Someone open to new experiences would score high on:

Openness

According to biological approaches, traits are:

Largely influenced by genetics

A projective test like the Rorschach Inkblot Test is designed to:

Reveal hidden unconscious desires

Cultures focusing on group goals are considered:

Collectivist

A toddler feeding himself demonstrates which stage?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A child believing everyone sees what they see is demonstrating:

Egocentrism

A teenager trying on different identities is working through:

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A person blaming "bad luck" shows:

External locus of control

Channeling frustration into marathon training is an example of:

Sublimation

A clingy child who struggles to soothe after separation likely shows:

Resistant attachment

An adult reflecting with pride on their life is resolving:

Integrity vs. Despair

Debating abstract ideas shows which Piagetian stage?

Formal Operational

Studying for the love of learning shows:

Self-actualization motivation

Believing employees are lazy and causing them to act that way shows:

Reciprocal Determinism

A fearful child whose caregiver inconsistently meets needs is showing:

Disorganized attachment

Treating a sibling coldly without realizing anger shows:

Repression

Comparing skills and feeling pride or inferiority matches:

Industry vs. Inferiority

Prioritizing close old friendships later in life shows:

Socioemotional Selectivity