2011 Test 1 Mitosis phases and some definitions

anaphase

interphase

metaphase

prophase

telophase

Prophase

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fiber apparatus forms

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

Chromosomes relax into chromatin, nuclear membrane reappears, spindle fiber apparatus breaks down

Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

G1 phase

Period during interphase when the cell grows

S phase

Period during interphase when DNA is replicated

G2 phase

Last phase of interphase in which cell organelles are duplicated in preparation for cell division

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

Diffusion

Movement of particles (can be atoms or molecules) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Filtration

Hydrostatic pressure that separates materials through a filter based on the size of their particles.

Concentration gradient

Difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

Factors affecting diffusion rate

steepness of concentration gradient, molecular size, temperature, diffusion distance, surface area available for diffusion