exercise physiology final exam

cumulative exam

history of exercise physiology, advancements since 2000’s

technique to manipulate genes within cardiac or skeletal muscle fibers- influence gene on muscle fiber activation

gene transfection-overexpression of a single gene

skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ

endurance exercise modifies the structure and function of white fat cels to improve overall health

how do you know if research is scholarly or relevant?

is the research question important, is the study peer-reviewed and published, are the measurements valid and reliable

metabolism/ glucose in liver and muscle is stored as

glycogen

glycogenolysis

broken down and created for glycolysis for more ATP

macronutrients and how much grams each yield

fats 9

carbs& proteins 4

bioenergetics

it is the study of the process of transformation of energy in living things

cellular respiration

process by which cells transfer from food to create ATP

4 steps of cellular respiration

Glycolysis, Pyruvate- Acetyl CoA, Kreb’s cycle, Electron Transport Chain

glycolysis

breakdown of glucose or glycogen to from pyruvate or lactate, anaerobic pathway used to transfer bond energy from glucose to rejoin Pi and ADP, net gain 2 ATP & 2 pyruvate; 2 phases: energy investment & generation

NADH+

available for H ions to electron transport chain fro new ATP from glycolysis, recycled, used for glycolysis repeatedly

Glycolysis anaerobic, creates substrate & Lactate created by Pyruvate

Lactate

myths: lactic acid and lactate are not the same molecules, lactic acid does not cause muscle burn during intense activity, lactate is not a waste product, lactate does not cause DOMS

George Brooks- WashU

Lactic acids & DOMS

formation of Acetyl CoA to Pyruvate

cannot change back to lactate chemically

first part of krebs cycle then to electron transport chain

starting and ending substance for kerbs cycle

oxaloacetate

oxidative phosphorylation

process in whihc NADH+H and FADH are oxidized (electrons are removed) in the electron transport chain, energy is released and used to synthesize ATP and Pi

atp yield for cellular respiration

36

beta oxidation

cyclic process in which successive pairs of carbon atoms are broken off of fatty free acids to from Acetyl CoA

rate limited enzymes and processes they are in

Phosphofructokinase- glycolysis

creatine kinase- ATP-PC system

Isocitrate dehydrogenase- Kreb cycle

cytochrome oxidase- elctron transport chain

gluconeogenesis

creation of new glucose in the liver from non-carbohydrate sources

EPOC- excessive post exercise oxygen consumption & causes

the oxygen consumption during recovery that is above normal resting values

cause- restoration of ATP-Pc stores; restoration of oxygen stores; elevated cardio-respiratory function for up to an hour; elevated hormonal levels; elevated body temp. cooling of elevated temp for better recovery; lactate utilization

oxygen drift

oxygen consumption during the above conditions increases despite the oxygen requirement of the activity not changing

Respiratory exchange ratio

ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced to the amount of oxygen consumed at the cellular level, measured at rest or in exercise; a value greater than 1 indicates anaerobic work- higher than threshold

3 processes for controlling homeostasis

regulation of macro storage, fight or flight, adaptive response to exercise

gland for homeostasis

hypothalamus

Heart rate, blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance, appetite and body weight, sleep cycles

master gland

pituitary

posterior- ADH, OXT

anterior-GH< TSH, ACTH, FSH/LH, PRL

pancreas

insulin & glucagon

EPO

erythropoietin, hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates RBC production

hormones sympathetic

catecholamines

immune system

moderate exercise: boosts immune

exhaustive exercise: lowers immune

cooldown can be a boost for homeostasis

resting membrane potential

electrical difference between the inside and outside of the cell

action potential

a nerve impulse

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter

motor unit

motor neuron and length of axon

ANS

autonomic nervous system

sympathetic: activates an organ

parasympathetic: inhibits an organ

sliding filament theory

nerve impulse reaches endplate

acetylcholine is released

action potential is generated

spreads through t-tubules

cross-bridge becomes charges

actin and myosin becomes attracted and coupled for this complex

slide over one another to cause contraction

relaxation- nerve impulse ceases

muscle cramping and CNS

excitability of motor neurons that are induced with exercise

sustained muscle contraction

slow twitch

aerobic, creates energy by oxidative enzymes, more capillaries

stroke volume

amount of blood ejected from ventricles with each beat

submaximal long duration exercise

decreased SV, from higher HR

minute ventilation

air in and out in a minute

stitch in the side

diaphragm, sharp pain in side, lack of 02 in respiratory muscles intercoastal

high intensity exercise

increase for buffered acidity and H+ ions

buffers

bicarbonate- first line of defense, by mouht, in bodies/muslce & blood

Cv centers in medulla

control heart function, emotional influences; cardioaccelerator: increases HR and contraction force, cardioinhibitor,: slows HR, and vasomotor: smooth muscle & arterioles with sympatehtic nerves

carbohydrate loading

helps with endurance training by increasing blood sugar

bicarbonate digestion

baking soda, can be effective with the buffering system

creatine monohydrase

supplement that is used to enhance power output, muscle hypertrophy and recovery. safe, has no long term effects

body composition golden standard

DEXA scan

sublimental oxygen for exercise

PRIOR to exercise shows an increased performacne for breathholding exercise