History Test Industrial Age

J.M. Chivington

 Broke the peace treaty and led a territorial militia of 700 men to attack on the Sand Creek reservation, home of the Chyenne, killing 163.  

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vertical integration

Business model that kept prices down and profits high. Allowed Carnegie to control all aspects and resources of production, allowing him to balance prices.

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Samuel Gompers

Founded the American Federation of Labor for skilled workers. 

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Black Hills

located in western South Dakota, were hunting land and sacred territory to the Western Sioux indians. Gold would be discovered and the government and settlers would try to obtain them, but the Sioux and Cheyenne refused.

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Trans-Continental Railroad

was a railroad that connected the Eastern United States to the Western United States. The Central Pacific and the Union Pacific completed the railroad near Provo, Utah in 1869.

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J.P. Morgan

an investment banker who establishes the Conglomerate. He gets together with a group of bankers and turns around and begins purchasing discounted bank bonds in 1895. This would guarantee that they would end up stopping the drain of gold and alienating the populace in the West.

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Chester Arthur

Was the 21st president and a stalwart republican. He passed the first immigration law which was the Chinese Exclusion Act. (2 questions)

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Alfred Thayer Mahan

a former U.S. admiral who pushed for a modern navy. Convinced the U.S. for two ocean naval fleets to protect the Pacific and Atlantic sides of America. 

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Herbert Spencer

 Advanced Darwin's theories applying them to society. He applied the evolutionary theory of natural selection to the study of society.

Interstate Commerce Act

Would regulate railroad industry. This act created the interstate Commerce Commission who would enforce laws such as prohibiting rebates.

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Pendleton Act

Brought an emphasis on reform, allowing government jobs to be awarded to people based upon merit rather than political affiliation. This would end the spoils system and establish the Civil Service Commission. 

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Thomas Edison

was a prolific inventor he aided in research and development as well as establishing General electric. 

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 Half-Breeds

were reform minded republicans led by James Gargield. They wanted a new reform-minded president

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Trust

was used to partner with other companies without buying them out right and giving them stock or a percentage of the profits. Used by Rockefeller to grow his business tremendously.  

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Tariffs

Taxes on foreign products meant to protect American businesses. Republicans were in favor of tariffs and wanted to strengthen them, while the Democrats supported free trade. 

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Populists

political party of farmers, miners, and union workers that was known before as the People’s party, they advocated a variety of reform issues such as free coinage of silver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of U.S. senators.

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James Garfield

was the 20th U.S. President who represented the Half-Breed, or reform minded Republicans. He broke the Stalwart control over the Port of New York collector. He was assassinated making Arthur president. \n

Apache

Tribe in Southwest New Mexico and Arizona. They led a guerrilla war before being captured and sent to the east so that they couldn’t use the desert environment. 

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Frederick Jackson Turner

 

  

“The Significance of the Frontier in American History.”- Came up with a different thesis. Said that instead of Europe, it was the frontier that changed us. Makes the argument that the final days of the frontier will come in 1890-93.

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William Randolph Hearst

 most responsible for yellow journalism, owned lots of newspapers and media. His yellow journalism would lead to the Spanish-American War.

Pullman Strike

 widespread railroad strike and boycott that disrupted rail traffic in the Midwest. As a result of this there were wage cuts and layoffs. The American railroad union went on strike, resulting in riots forcing president Cleveland to send troops to end the strike.

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Dawes Severalty Act

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Congress created this act to assimilate Native Americans into American societies. They would take reservations and break it into parts and give it to individual Native Americans.

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**Haymarket Riot**

 Was a violent labor riot in the Haymarket Square in Chicago. There was a bomb that caused the closing of the labor demonstrators and police force.

**Williams Jennings Bryan**

Was a pro-silver Populist-Democrat from Nebraska. The Democratic Party nominated him for their presidential candidate in 1896, Which he lost to McKinley.

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**Ghost Dance**

 A Native American spiritual and political movement used primarily by the Sioux tribe. Dance was intended to connect the living with the dead, making the Indians bullet proof for battle against white settlers.

***Plessy v Ferguson***

Supreme Court case that permitted segregation on the basis that separate but equal was still equal. Segregation was negatively affecting the African American population and was overruled by Brown v. the Board of Education.

**Battle of Wounded Knee**

 Was the last incident of the Indian Wars that took place in the Dakota Territory. The U.S. militiamen killed over 200 Sioux men, women, and children who surrendered.

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 **Stalwarts**

 were conservative republicans. They opposed civil services and reforms. 

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**Eugene V. Debs**

Debs was a Union leader of the American Railway, who ran for president five times as a Socialist. 

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 **Benjamin Singleton**

Former slave who became a cowboy in Kansas. He would establish a settlement there and encourage other former slaves to settle out West.

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 **cowboys**

 were former slaves and others that worked with cattle in the open ranges of the U.S. western territories. 

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**George Dewey**

 was a United States Commander in the Spanish-American War. He is best known for his victory at Manila Bay.

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**William McKinley**

 He became the 25th president after winning the 1896 election as a republican. He was the last civil war veteran that would be president. His administration focused on the new imperialism, gaining territory by annexing Hawaii and through the Spanish-American War.

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 **Social Gospel**

 was a social reform movement started by the Protestants dealing with social, civic, and personal problems coming into industrialization from immigration. The Book of James was put into practice and The Salvation Army was formed.

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**Leon F. Czolgosz**

Anarchist who assassinated President McKinley. He would be executed a month later.      

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**Liliuokalani**

Queen of Hawaii during the nineteenth century. She would be overthrown by a group of American planters, leading to Hawaii being annexed by the United States.   

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**Jacob Coxey**

He organized groups of the jobless to march on Washington D.C. for public works projects.  

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**Battle of Little Bighorn**

Greatest battle of the Indian Wars fought in southeast Montana. The Sioux and Cheyenne would annihilate the U.S. 7th Cavalry led by General George Armstrong Custer.

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 **Sherman Antitrust Act**

was an act created by Senator John Sherman that addressed monopolies in the United States. This law made it a misdemeanor in enforcing Trusts, which caused the breakup of John Rockefellar’s Standard Oil Company.

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**Crazy Horse**

was a chief of the Ogalala Lakota Indian tribe. Crazy Horse was primarily responsible for the victory over the 7th Cavalry at Little BigHorn.

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**Foraker Act**

was signed by McKinley in 1900. It established Puerto Rico as a U.S. territory.

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**Panic of 1893**

Caused by silver certificate and bankruptcy from poor crop production, over production of manufactured goods, and a European economic slump. 

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**Andrew Carnegie**

Made his wealth in steel production and creator of vertical integration. He would use his wealth for philanthropic acts in his later years.

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**Roscoe Conkling**

Republican Senator of New York that had control over the Collector of the Port of New York. 

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**Spanish-American War**

War began by the sinking of the USS Maine. It ended with the US gaining control of Cuba acquiring new territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, starting the era of American imperialism. 

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**American Federation of Labor**

 Trade union of skilled workers that opposed political involvement and led by Samuel Gompers. They would help improve wages, hours, and working conditions.  

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New Imperialism

Renewed interest in the acquisition of territory by the US, the European powers, and Japan in the nineteenth century. This would lead to the Spanish-American War and American expansion.

Grover Cleveland

The Democrat 22nd and 24th president known for being a reformer. Made his reputation by standing up against Tammany Hall