Lab 9- Digestive & Urinary Systems, pt. 1

order of digestive organs through food moves

1. esophagus

2. stomach

3. small intestine

4. large intestine

5. rectum/anus

transports food to the stomach

esophagus

processes blood

breaks down, balances, & creates nutrients

metabolizes substances

liver

exocrine- produces enzymes for digestion

endocrine- produces hormones ex) insulin

pancreas

stores bile to break down fats

gallbladder

main organ that absorbs nutrients during digestion

small intestine

absorbs water & electrolytes

turns excess waste into stool

large intestine (colon)

stores stool 

rectum

allows stool to release out of body during bowel movement

anus

transports bile from the liver & gallbladder to the small intestine to aid in digesting fats

common bile duct

small pouches in colon (LI) = segmentation

-mix & move fecal matter

haustra

3 bands of muscle in colon that constrict the Haustra to produce bowel movement in rectum/anus

-leads to appendix

taenia coli

what 2 muscles are on the posterior abdominal wall

quadratus lumborum & Psoas major

function of quadratus lumborum muscle

-stabilizes lumbar spine 

-lateral flexion of lumbar spine

-raises pelvis

what muscle being tight could contribute to anterior pelvic tilt

quadratus lumborum (QT) muscle

Psoas major muscle function

-flexion of thigh at hip joint when femur is flexed

-flexion of trunk while sitting up

innervation of quadratus lumborum muscle

spinal nerves T12-L2

innervation of Psoas Major muscles

Spinal nerves L1-L4

3 lateral muscles of abdominal wall

external oblique- outermost (superficial)

internal oblique- middle

transverse abdominis- innermost (deep)

name of the six-pack muscles

rectus abdominis

function of lateral & anterior abdominal wall muscles (external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, & rectus abdominis)

increase abdominal pressure

-assist with defecation, micturition (urination), & parturition (birth)

what function is unique to internal oblique muscle?

internal rotation

what function is unique to external oblique muscle?

external rotation

backflow of gastric acid from stomach into esophagus due to part of the stomach pushing into the diaphragm

hiatal hernia

abdominal wall doesn’t completely close & intestine or fatty tissue bulges out

(common in younger children)

umbilical hernia

intestine pushes through a weak area of the abdominal muscles into the groin

inguinal hernia

largest gland in the body

-variety of metabolic function including plasma protein synthesis

-produces bile

liver

stores bile produced by liver

galbladder

endocrine function- glucose homeostasis

exocrine function- secreting trypsin, amylase, lipase, & bicarb for digestion

pancreas

what are the four layers of the GI tract

1. Mucosa

2. Submucosa

3. Muscularis Externa

4. Serosa or Adventitia

innermost layer

-epithelium + lamina propria + muscularis mucosa

Mucosa

moderately dense irregular CT

-contains submucosal autonomic plexus & blood vessels

submucosa

comprised of inner circular & outer longitudinal layer

-separated by CT containing myenteric autonomic plexus & blood vessel

Muscularis Externis

outermost layer of GI tract

serosa or adventitia

visceral peritoneal (simple squamous) + CT

-smooth → allows movement of organs it convers bc of mesentery

Serosa

CT, NO visceral peritoneal (mesothelium/mesentery)

Adventitia

simple squamous epithelial layer (visceral peritoneum) covering GI organs

serosa

artery supply to the foregut (esophagus → proximal ½ duodenum)

celiac trunk

artery supply to midgut (distal ½ duodenum to proximal 2/3 transverse colon)

Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA)

artery supply to hindgut (distal 1/3 transverse colon → rectum)

Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA)

3 parts of unpaired visceral branch abdominal aorta

1. Celiac Trunk

2. Superior Mesenteric Artery

3. Inferior Mesenteric Artery

3 parts of paired visceral branch abdominal aorta

1. Suprarenal Artery

2. Renal Artery

3. Gonadal Artery

3 parts of Parietal branch abdominal aorta

1. Inferior Phrenic Artery

2. Lumbar Artery

3. Median Sacral Artery

parasympathetic innervation

Vagus Nerve (CN X) → Foregut & Midgut

Sacral Spinal Cord Nerves → Hindgut

SYNAPSE NEAR ORGAN

Sympathetic Innervation

sympathetic chain at thoracic Spinal cord

SYNAPSE BEFORE ORGAN

connects the oral cavity to the pharynx

oropharynx

conducts swallowed food from pharynx above to stomach below

esophagus

distal portion of large intestine

rectum

largest of the salivary glands, superficial to the masseter muscle

parotid gland

proximal portion of small intestine

duodenum

muscle to manipulate food in oral cavity

tongue

ingest food

-digestion begins here by secreting saliva & mechanically grinding food

oral cavity

absorbs nutrients using villi

small intestine

connection btwn ileum of small intestine & ascending colon of large intestine

ileocecal junction

storage, some digestion, & release food into duodenum

stomach

endocrine function = glucose homeostasis

digestive function = secrete trypsin, amylase, lipase, & bicarb

pancreas

tube as hepatic & cystic ducts combine & transport bile to duodenum

common bile duct

absorbs water, produces flatus, & compacts fecal material

-stores feces until can be released

large intestine

largest gland of body

-variety of metabolic functions including plasma protein synthesis

liver

When a person smells food, the process of digestion begins.  The stomach begins to fill with (1) acid, and the mouth produces (2) in preparation for the upcoming meal.  In the mouth, digestion begins with the three salivary glands (3), (4), and (5) produce saliva.  The food that is chewed and swallowed is now called a bolus, through the (6) and moves down the esophagus by (7). At the diaphragm, the esophagus joins the stomach through a connection called the (8).

            Once inside the stomach, the bolus of food can expand the stomach because of the wrinkly walls called (9). The stomach liquefies the food into a solution known as chyme.  This liquid then exits the stomach through the (10) sphincter, which only allows a small amount of the fluid into the start of the small intestine, the (11). Once the acidic chyme is sensed to be in the small intestine, hormones released will regulate the secretion of bile from the (12) and pancreatic juices from the (13). These new enzymes now enter the duodenum and neutralize the chyme.

            The middle section of the small intestine known as the (14) is where absorption of nutrients occurs with the increased surface area produced by (15), the microscopic finger-like projections from the internal surface of the intestinal tract. The final segment of the small intestine is known as the (16), where the chemical breakdown of food by enzymes is completed.  Next, material moves into the first region of the large intestine at the (17), junction.

            The main job of the large intestine is to compact the material and create fecal material through compaction.  The large intestine has four segments, (18), (19), (20) and (21). After the fecal material travels to the end of the large intestine, it is stored in the (22) before being released through the (23) and the (24).

1. hydrochloric acid

2. saliva

3. parotid gland

4. sublingual gland

5. submandibular gland

6. oropharynx

7. peristalsis

8. esophageal sphincter

9. rugae

10. pyloric sphincter

11. duodenum

12. liver

13. pancreas

14. jejunum

15. villi

16. ileum

17. ileocecal junction

18. ascending colon

19. transverse colon

20. descending colon

21. sigmoid colon

22. rectum

23. anus

24. cecum

Case Study:

a 27-year-old male worker complains of 12-hour abdominal pain that began around his umbilicus but then shifted to the right lower quadrant (RLQ) and right side. has been nauseous over the past several hours. His temperature is 99.4°F. On physical examination, there is mild abdominal tenderness, particularly in the RLQ, but also on the right side. The laboratory analysis of the urine is normal.

Diagnosis & what accounts for shift in location of pain?

-Appendicitis: the condition where the appendix becomes inflamed and filled with pus.

-Pain initially irritates the visceral peritoneum, is referred to the periumbilical area, and the localized to RLQ as the appendicitis worsens and inflames the parietal peritoneum.

specific location on abdomen that serves as a key diagnostic marker for appendicitis

-situated 1/3 of distance from anterior superior iliac spine to umbilicus

-tenderness often associated w/ inflammation of appendix & commonly assesses acute appendicitis

McBurney’s point

-example of referred pain

-left shoulder pain due to ruptured spleen, ectopic pregancny, or other intra-abdominal bleeding

-phrenic nerve innervates diaphragm & shared cervical nerve roots with sensory nerves in shoulder

Kehr Sign

You are at surgery for the removal of a suspected appendicitis, but the appendix is not visible. The appendix is likely to be…

retrocecal (appendix behind cecum)

Which of the following techniques could you use to precisely locate the appendix?

Trace the teniae coli on the cecum (appendix at end of cecum)

order of urine flow

kidneys → ureters → bladder → urethra

excrete uring from kidneys to bladder

ureters

outermost layer of kidneys that filters blood

adrenal cortex

what vessel brings oxygen-rich blood to kidneys to be filtered

renal artery