Unit 6 AP Chemistry Vocab

Kinetics & Equilibrium

Intermediate

Something formed in one step as a PRODUCT and used in another step as a REACTANT

Catalyst

Used in the reaction and comes out of the reaction in the SAME FORM in which it entered

Catalyst Purpose

To SPEED up the rate of a reaction

Inhibitor Purpose

To SLOW/STOP the rate of a reaction

Zero as a Reaction Order

The amount of concentration in that substance DOES NOT affect the reaction rate

Negative Number as a Reaction Order

The concentration of that substance INVERSELY affects the reaction rate (Ex: if concentration goes up, then reaction order goes up and vice versa)

Positive Number as a Reaction Order

The concentration of that substance DIRECTLY affects the reaction rate

Non-Integers/ + or -

This means the concentration has a complex relationship with the reaction

Rate Law

An equation that shows to what extent a specific reactant affects the overall rate with its reaction order

Zero Order

Rate= k

First Order

Rate= k[A]

Second Order

Rate= k[A]²

Third Order

Rate= k[A]³

Reaction Mechanism

A bunch of elementary steps that represent the different steps it takes to reach a reaction

Slow Rate

Rate determining step

Exothermic Reaction

Means the reaction lost energy as the products are shown lower than the reactants; negative delta H value

Endothermic Reaction

Means reaction gained energy as the products are shown higher than the reactants; positive delta H value

Homogenous equilibria

all components of the reaction have the SAME state symbols (liquid, gas, or solid)

Heterogenous equilibria

all the components in the reaction have DIFFERENT state symbols (liquid, gas, solid)

Factors that affect Ksp

Temperature, particle size, and pressure

Changes in Concentration

Only affects gases and liquids; this change can be done by adding or removing a reactant or product, adding something that REACTS with the reactant or product

Changes in Pressure

Only affects substances in the gas phase; this change can be done by increasing or decreasing ___ or volume because the two are inverse to each other according to Boyle’s Law and by adding unreactive gases to it because it adds more particles/more stress

Le Chatlier’s Principle

If a stress is applied to a system at a certain equilibrium, then the system will shift in the opposite direction of which the stress is being applied to return itself to equilibrium

Changes in Temperature | Exothermic |

H= R—> P + Heat

Changes in Temperature | Endothermic |

H= R + Heat —> P

Collision Theory

1. Particles have to collide

2. Particles have to collide with ENOUGH energy

3. Particles have to collide in a PROPER direction/formation

Activated Complex

The “transition” state in a reaction

Activation Energy

The amount of energy it takes for a reaction to reach a point of transition (think about rolling a big rock up a slanted hill)

If the change in concentration for A has no effect on the overall rate….

the reaction order is Zero

If the change in concentration for A produces a direct change to the overall rate…

the reaction is First order

If the change in concentration of A increases the overall rate equal to the square of the change…

the reaction has to be Second order