BIO unit 1

catabolic reactions

energy is released, macromolecules broke → polymers through hydrolysis

anabolic reactions

smaller molecules are synthesized and built into larger, more complex molecules

organization of human body

body made up of 30 trillion cells, cell joined together through groups

alive cell must:

grow, reproduce, separate from environment, extract energy from food

prokaryotic cells

genetic info in nuceluid region, smaller + simpler than their opposite, bacterial cells are this

eukaryotic cells:

genetic info in membrane closed nucleus, organelles + membrane bound structures w/ functions, animal + plant cells are this, single celled organisms can be eukaryotes

features common to cells

DNA + RNA (genetic info), ribosomes (protein build structures), plasma membrane, cytoplasm: sugar + protein in cell

DNA

double stranded w/ 2 lines of info, complimentary to each other, has instructions for making organisms

RNA

involeved in protein synthesis, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Ribosomes

found in cytoplasm, animal + plant cell: attached to rough ER, to assemble proteins ribosome needs mRNA + amino acid (monomer of protein)

Plasma membrane

aka phospholipid bilayer + hv 2 regions

Phospholipid head group

attracted to water (hydrophilic)

Fatty acid tails

cannot mix with water (hydrophobic)

cytoplasm

soupy solution in plasma membrane, 80% water, all organelles, dissolved salts + macromolecules

macromolecules

large carbon molecules, synthesized from diff. combo of small organic molecules

nucleic acids

DNA + RNA made w/ nucleic acids, monomers of DNA: nitrogenous base, each nucleotide has phosphate group: pentose sugar, nitro. base

5 nitrogenous bases

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, uracil

central dogma

DNA → RNA → protein

genes

regions of DNA + has directions for specific proteins

Virus

are not cells, no cell membrane + ribosomes, have DNA + RNA, invade host cell to build own protein, not living as they can’t reproduce themselves

proteins

polypeptide: long chain of amino acids, folded chain connects → larger functional protein

denatured

lose 3D shape, can’t perform functions + not reversible

glycoprotein

name tag for cells (or virus like COVID 19)

Transport protein

move molecules across plasma membrane of cell

antibiotics

this stop proteins → no division and eventual cell death, stops proteins but also antibodies

carbohydrates

source of energy for cells, energy stored in chemical bonds or carbon released through catabolic reactions

monosaccarides

(glucose) made of 1 sugar molecule + monomers of larger carbs, give energy quickly

disaccarides

(sucrose) made of 2 monosaccarides, give energy quickly

polysaccharides

(starch) made of many monosaccharides, store energy

most macromolecule

carbohydrates

glycogen

used by animal cells for short term energy storage

starches

plant cells for short term energy storage

lipids

hydocarbon + hydrophobic. long term energy storage, all membrane parts, makes hormones

fats

long term energy storage

triglycerides

common fast in animal cells, made of glycerol head + 3 fatty acid tails, human skeletal muscle cells store energy in this cuz its faster energy resource

saturated fatty acids

carbon attached to as many hydrogens as possible, straight fatty acid tails packed closely together, solid at room temp

unsaturated fatty acids

double bonds (extra connections) between carbons, bent fatty acids so can squeeze together, liquid at room temperature

cholestrol

lipid made of 6 carbon rings, get through diet, made by liver, saturated fatty acids can increase cholesterol, too many clog blood vessels