History of Industrial Design Section 4

Clear RX Pill Bottle (Target Pill Bottles)

2005 Deborah Adler and Klaus Rosburg
3 sided design because labels limit the amount of info shown on the bottle
color coded label rings and magnifying sheet for reading
redesign of icons for labels
shows integrations of id and graphic design for health

big issue w bottles: no stacking, can only stand up one way, bottle might spill

Modernism (Late 19th c. to 1930s

steel, glass, concrete
industrial references in design and art
not warm
not a lot of texture, rejects traditional techniques
looks machine built

More on modernism

rejection of traditional techniques-usually as a response to a previous movement
interest in new technologies and processes
explores the relationship between body, perception, and machines
excessive ornamentation is not seen "form follows function'

Related key movements to modernism

cubism, purism, minimalism, de stijl, suprematism, surrealism, constructivism

Marcel Breuer

1902 - 1981 Hungary
architect and designer
1920-1925 attended bauhaus
1925-1928 faculty at the bauhaus, director of furniture workshop
invented tubular steel furniture - inspired by adler bike handles
evolved steel to make stronger

B3 Club Chair "Wassily Chair"

adler declined to manufacture, manufactured by thonet - adapted to using steel and became popular modernist manufacturer

first mass produced tubular steel frame chair
2 leg versions: early version had nickel plated canvas and welded frame
later on it had chrome plated with leather straps- once chrome plating was more affordable

this was initially manufactured by thonet, but then Gavina took over and it was renamed

an even later version connects the legs to form a closed loop of tubular steel - this prevents the distortion of the frame

sled base chair

2 parallel legs that run along the ground, to make it seem perfect, there's a kink on each side

Nesting Tables, Marcel Breuer B9

seamless steel tubing like Wassily chair
able to bend tube without cracking or folding
small seam
Mannesmann - manufacturing to eliminate the seam in steel tubing
center seam at bottom - same radius for each leg

SPUT

same part used twice
saves cost to make identical parts

Table B10

frame has the same part 4 times
manufactured by Thonet - bought shares in Breuer's company and produced his work
-new branding, the poster looks cold

Cesca Chair
Marcel Breuer

named later on for his daughter Francesca in the 60s
steek tube, cane seat, wood, sled base, counter balance
designed a kink in to address irregularity and control it

bifurcate

to divide into two parts, to split but not entirely

chaise longue WB 346

Isokon Chaise Lounge

plywood seat, bent and laminated birch frames

Eileen Gray

1878-1976 architect and designer ireland-> studio in paris
aristocratic family
major figure in modernism
started lacquering in 1912
E-1027 House

lacquering

a repetitive process with 20+ steps
layers of lacquer, linen, and fine clay
deep sense of space, transparent quality
strong and less likely to be damaged

Gray and Lacquering

She went to an Expo and was inspired by Seizo Sugawara
She convinced Sugawara to stay in Paris and train her
He was just there to restore some pieces for the Exposition Universale
Together they opened an exhibit in 1910 - the work was meant to challenge gender norms and gendered names
1922 they opened the Jean Desert gallery

Le Destin

Lacquer Screen
early lacquer work used figurative themes
screens to divide rooms in old apartments - early lacquer work tried to bring opposites together, abstraction and figuration, modernity and tradition

Madame Mathieu-Levy

she owned a successful hat shop in Paris
was a huge fan of gray
asked for pieces for both her shop and apartment (Rue de Lota)

Pirogue Daybed 1919

interior is silver leaf

serpent chair

"dragons armchair'
art noveau influence
2nd most expensive piece of auctioned furniture
designed for madame mathieu-levy

Brickscreen 1925

lacquered blocks joined by thin metal rods
blocks can rotate, giving different solid
void configurations
11 were made, 6 black, and 5 white

De Stijl Table

1923
Edge/frame and surface/plane rotation

Jean Badovici

1893-1956 architect Romania
had a relationship w gray
they worked on E-1027 together

E-1027

modernist house
ribbon windows
concrete
steel
glass
not assessable by road
on the shore of Cape Martin, France
rail road up hill behind the house
private
flat roof garden
built in storage and display structures

Code for E-1027

E - Eileen
10 - Jean
2 - Badovici
7 - Gray

Transat Chair

in e-1027
transatlantic
similar to deck chair on an ocean liner

Bibendum Chair

designed for both E-1027 and the Rue de Lota Apartment
few ever made and only one still exists
Michelin Man
end caps are different in canvas and leather versions

rubber tired used ti be all white until added carbon

E-1027 Table

Eileen Gray
her best known piece
adjustable top
incomplete heavy bottom balances out top and allows the table to move around furniture legs
inspired by her sister's visits and breakfast in bed

Dressing Cabinet for E-1027

pine plywood, glass, aluminum, cork
edge vs surface at the bottom corner

Le Corbusier

1887-1965 Switzerland
Charles Edouard Jeanneret
took a version of his grandfather's name
pioneer of modern architecture
also important to purism, l'espirit noveau, modernism

Amedee Ozenfant

Painter and writer who founded purism with Corbusier
with corb they published l'espirit noveau to advance design aesthetics and design values

Pierre Jeanneret

1896-1967 Switzerland Architect
Corb's cousin
Set up a practice and worked with Corb for the next 20 years
her work was spread globally

Charlotte Perriand

1903-1999 France Architect and designer
Designed furniture with the Jeanneret cousins
joined Corb's practice after he saw her work at an exhibit in 1927

Villa La Roche

Corb
lots of floating sectioned spaces
Chaise is in house by a wall of glass windows
presence of a body in a profile
object of display/interest

Chaise Lounge LC4

1928
Jeanneret cousins and Perriand
can slide among central axis into different positions
in the photo form the slides shes looking away as she demonstrates the chair because the position is seen as scandalous and she doesn't want to be identified

Fauteuil Grand Confort Chair

1927
designed by Jeanneret cousins and Perriand
Frame is outside of the cushions- this is the first time that is done
its big and designed for men- cant sit comfortably with legs crossed
went into production in 1959 and change from horse hair to foam filled in 1965

The Petit Modele

smaller version of the fauteuil grand confort for women
narrower seat and 2 cushions instead of one

Swivel Chair and Stool

Charlotte Perriand 1929
Was designed before she joined corb's practice but the networking afforded her the opportunity to get them into production

Villa Savoye, Poissy France

Le Corbusier
house as a machine for living in
architecture influenced and informed by machines- ground floor is designed to have spots for cars to park underneath (specifically Citroen C6 G cars) - driving around the entry, glazing divides give the space rhythm
seems ahead of its time
made at the same time as E-1027
architectural promenade
fast spiral stairs and slow ramp- speed and rhythm - sequences

5 Points of Architecture

1) Pilotis (structural columns at the ground floor)
2) Free Plan
3) Free Facade
4) Ribbon Windows
5) Roof Garden

Andre Citroen

1878-1935 France
Founder of Automobiles Citroen - 1919
First car to be mass produced with front-wheel drive along with other improvements
automobiles are way behind architecture which is bending to accommodate it

Citroen Type A

first mass produced car in Europe

Citroen B

1925-1927

what is Corb's obsession?

absolutely obsessed with E-1027, he tries to buy it a few times and managed to buy the land behind it
Gray and Badovici were split by then
he got hit by a boat and got a leg scar one summer, still went back the next one
that summer he painted murals all over the house naked....
then swam out infront of the house to die

Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe

Germany 1886-1969
went to Chicago after the Bauhaus
designed a lot of the campus
Last Director of the Bauhaus
Curtain Wall
Less is more

Barcelona Pavilion

1929
German Pavilion for the International Exposition in 1929 Barcelona
it sits on a plinth raised from the street and has 2 rooms and 2 reflecting pools
had highly polished onyx and marble walls
plain and frame, surface and line]open corners and spaces columns and planes have the same width
cruciform corners
precise construction from concept
current pavilion is a replica because the original was just taken one day

Barcelona Chair

1929 Mies
made for the king and queen to sit and their entourage even tho they never did
fits in a perfect grid form - golden rectangle - both side and front views
the back cushion is comprised of irrational rectangles
also had an ottoman
didnt go into mass production due to joint

Tugendaht House

1928 Mies
Czech Republic
Brno Chairs
Barcelona Chairs and Ottoman in different colors
X Coffee Table

Tugendhat Chair

1930
Mies
Bad proportions
top and bottom aren't unifed, theyre different styles

Brno Chair

Mies
Barcelona chair's cheaper cousin
Flat Strap Steel vs Tubular Steel
Flat requires welding, grinding, and polishing= expensive to make
Tubular doesnt so it is a lower cost version

Lilly Reich

Architect and Interior Designer
Member of the German Association of Craftsmen
Collaborated with Mies for furniture
Taught at the Bauhaus 1931 and 1932
she typically used long padding in her furniture designs

Chaise Lounge

lilly reich
long bands of padding
for Tugendhat house

Art Deco

1920s-1935
Began in France in the 1910s and gained traction in the 20s and 30s
Named for the Paris Expo

Travel increases which broadens geography and cultural references

movement and speed
Skyscraper style
sunburst and arc patterns
shiny polished surfaces
banding, zig zags, ridges, chevrons
glass, concrete, aluminum, brass, plastic

Charles Strite

First automatic toaster
single slice toaster
first to toast both sides at once
we start to see art deco
skyscraper look
vents for speed

icebox to general electric top refrigerator

1927
used to have ice melt and a water issue but now with electrical theres no need for a bucket under the legs anymore
inspired by warship

Fernand Leger and Man Ray

Ballet Mecanique 1924 France
body as machine

Edmund Rumpler Teardrop Car

1923
first streamlined car, attempting to reduce air resistance
is in the movie Metropolis

Hugh Ferriss

1889-1962 Missouri
made massing studies for skylines for the 1916 Zoning Ordinace for NYC Skyscrapers
ordinace for buildings to be spaced for cars and sidewalks
less weight near the top of buildings

Paul Frankl

Skyscraper furniture 1925-1930

Joseph Sinel

1889-1975 New Zealand
Called himself the first Industrial Designer in the United States
also started the first practice in the states
founded the IDSA
designed the scales at train stations to entertain people while they wait

Step on it Scale

1927 Joseph Sinel
Train Station scale to entertain people waiting
has engine turning which hides flaws in metal surfaces while making them shiny and interesting

Hotpoint Iron

1920s
lathe turned wooden handles were common in household items
wood is heat and electrical resistant
however lathe formed is limited to options and not ergonomic

Sad Irons

pre-1920s
before hotpoint iron
cast iron
hot handle
lots of injuries

Bakelite

Developed by Leo Baekeland in NY 1909
first commercial synthetic plastic
heat resistant
electrical insulation
thermoplastic
form variety
color variety- usually a black brown mix but can be painted
lightweight

Phones

1930
type form established by LM Ericsson from Sweden
went from candlestick to Bakelite Rotary Phone
had the phone sit right on top of the body
drawer on bottom for phone book

Clocks

Herman Miller Clock was around the Bauhaus
along with Zephyr clock they both show movement and evoke speed

Normandie Pitcher

Peter Muller-Munk
1935
Inspired by the smokestacks on a shoreliner
chrome plated brass
hard to clean

Ice Gun

1935
unknown designer
rare item

Radios

reduced in size
sudden permanent access to music, news, and other content
around 60% of US households had a radio in the 1920s

Air King Radios

Harold Van Doren and John Gordon Rideout
1933-1935
skyscraper style
stepping, ridges, and verticality

HMV Radio

1934
Christan Barman
Natural Bakelite with Sunburst pattern

People's Radio

Walter Maria Kerstiling
1933
first use of ID as propaganda
was given to german households by Nazis to broadcast political and governmental messages

Walter Dorwin Teague

1883-1960 Indiana
Illustrator, Architect, and Industrial Designer
dean of industrial design
helped birth ID as a profession along with Jospeh Sinel, Norman Bel Geddes, Raymond Lowey, and Henry Dreyfuss
worked for Kodak, Boeing, Texaco, Ford, and more

Kodak Gift Camera

1930 Teague
worked on the packaging and shell design

ISDA Founders

Walter Dorwin Teague
Raymond Lowey
Henry Dreyfuss
Joseph Sinel

Beau Brownie

Teague
contracted with Kodak for 30 years

Baby Brownie and Baby Brownie Special

Teague
Bakelite
Metal
Glass
Vertical Speed lines

Bantam Special

1936
Teague
horizontal speed lines
helped with the plastic mold
helped with grip
protected finish from damage

Sparton Nocturne Radio

1937
Teague
big blue radio
glass fabric and chrome plated metal

Texaco Gas Station

1936
Teague
curving swooping lines
stripes around the building and covered gas area
first to make uniform recognizable gas stations no matter where a traveler is in the country

Polaroid Model 95 Land Camera

Teague
first available 60 second photographic process57 were commissioned for a year and they sold out in one day