tests

What is another term used to describe one-celled microbes or germs?

bacteria

Describe the two types of bacteria:

1. Pathogenic: disease producing / harmful bacteria2. Non-Pathogenic: non disease producing / can be beneficial

What do the 3 groups of cocci bacteria look like under a microscope? What diseases or disorders are associated with or caused by each of the 3 groups listed below?

1. Staphylococci: clusters; boils2. Streptococci: chains; sore throat3. Diplococci: pairs; pneumonia

Define the following regulatory agencies:

1. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency): approves efficiency of products used for infection control (disinfectants)2. CDC (Centers for Disease Control): assigns people in the beauty industry to a category called “personal service workers”3. FDA (Food & Drug Administration): protects the public by assuring safety in products/food4. OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health Administration): enforces safety & health standards in the workplace

What are organisms that grow and feed on other living organisms called?

external parasites

What is the difference between a local and general infection?

1. Local infection: infection in a small confined area2. General infection: circulatory system carries bacteria + toxins to all parts of the body

The ability to destroy infectious agents that enter the body is called .

immunity

What is the difference between natural and passive (acquired) immunity?

1. Natural immunity: resistance to disease2. Passive (acquired) immunity: occurs through vaccinations

List the bones of the arm, wrist, and hand:

humerus, metacarpals, radius, phalanges, carpals, ulna

How are the radius and ulna bones similar and how are they different?

Both are found in the forearm; the ulna is longer.

What type of connective tissue holds together the 8 small bones of the carpus?

ligaments

What are the 3 parts of the muscle?

origin, belly, insertion

Muscles affected by massage are generally manipulated from insertion to .

origin

Which muscle located in the mid-forearm, straightens the fingers and wrist?

extensor radius

Which nail product is described as a clear, highly flammable liquid solvent, used in both nail polish removers and artificial nail product removers?

acetone

What chemical used for acrylic nail systems was outlawed in 1974 by the FDA?

liquid methyl methacrylate

What is the technical name for the nail?

onyx

Describe the free edge and explain its primary purpose.

The free edge is the part of the nail that extends beyond the finger; its primary purpose is to protect the tips of fingers/toes.

Define the lunula:

half-moon shape at the base of the nail

What is the difference between nail walls and nail folds? Which of these two nail structures is sometimes called nail grooves?

1. Nail folds: the tracks on both sides of the nail that the nail moves on as it grows (sometimes called nail grooves)2. Nail walls: the folds of skin on either side of the grooves

Define perionychium:

the living tissue that overlies the nail plate on the sides of the nail

Where is the hyponychium located and what is its purpose?

It is found underneath the free edge and its purpose is to protect the nail bed from infection.

Define the nail matrix and explain what may happen if the matrix is injured.

The nail matrix is the active tissue that generates cells which harden as they move outward. If badly damaged, the nail might not grow back.

Nails grow an average of a month.

1/8 inch

What does a healthy nail look like?

smooth, curved, with no waviness or ridges

Which nail disease is described as an inflammation of the skin around the nail caused by a bacterial infection like when a hangnail gets infected?

paronychia

What is the difference between paronychia and onychia?

1. Paronychia: inflammation of the skin surrounding the nail2. Onychia: inflammation of the nail matrix

What are the main differences between nail diseases and nail disorders?

1. Nail diseases: cannot be worked on; clients need to be referred to a physician.2. Nail disorders: can be worked on.

Describe the following nail diseases (all should be referred to a physician):

1. Onychomycosis: nail is thick/discolored (from black/brown); deformed nail may fall off.2. Onychomadesis: loss of nail plate with separation at the matrix.3. Onychoptosis: shedding or falling off of the nail.4. Onychia: inflammation of the nail matrix.5. Onycholysis: loosening or separation of the nail.

The nail disorder described as indented vertical lines down the nail plate that may be caused by injury to the matrix, nutritional deficiency, or using too much force when pushing back cuticles is called .

furrows

What is the living skin that becomes attached to the nail plate either at the eponychium or hyponychium called?

pterygium

True or False: Corrugations are vertical lines in the nail?

False, they are horizontal.

What is the technical term for ingrown nail?

onychocryptosis

What are the causes of onychocryptosis?

poor nail trimming, trauma, or genetic predisposition

Describe agnails (AKA hangnails) and explain how you would modify the nail service for a client with agnails.

Agnails are splits in the cuticle, or loose skin practically separated from the cuticle. For a client with agnails, you should only trim separated parts and moisturize.

What is the difference between tile-shaped nails and plicatured nails?

1. Tile-shaped nails: have an exaggerated or deep “C” curve.2. Plicatured nails: appear to have a 90° greater angle (often referring to folded or deeply curved nail plates).

What is another term used for trumpet nails or nails that narrow towards the free edge?

pincer nails

What are some of the causes of onychorrhexis?

injury to nails, improper filing, harsh chemical contact, or aging

Which nail disorder is caused by a stress-related nervous habit and would benefit from weekly nail services including polish?

onychophagy

The nail disorder with white spots appearing in the nail is called . What is the disorder that appears with a tan, brown, or black pigmented stripe down the length of the nail called?

leukonychia / melanonychia

Describe the symptoms of fungal infection of the nail (AKA nail fungus):

yellow/green spots that eventually turn black; swelling and separation in layers

Describe the following skin diseases and disorders:

1. Vesicle: fluid-filled elevation in skin, caused by accumulated fluid/blood.2. Bulla: like a vesicle but larger, a big blister with clear watery fluid.3. Psoriasis: thick, scaly, silvery skin patches surrounded by a red area.4. Eczema: skin rash with dry or moist lesions with redness/itching.5. Tyloma: a callus, which is a thickening of the epidermis from pressure.

What is the technical term used for athlete’s foot and describe symptoms of this skin infection?

The technical term is Tinea Pedis; symptoms include itching and peeling of the skin on the foot.

Describe tinea manus:

ringworm of the hand

When should the guest sign the client release statement and when should the consultation occur?

both should occur before the service begins

The part of the client consultation form that identifies health factors including allergies or recent surgeries is called the .

medical history section

Which massage movement is described as light or gentle stroking and is performed with the fingertips or palms of the hand to begin and end a massage?

effleurage

What product softens dead cuticle tissue to allow gentle pushing back and to aid in its removal?

cuticle remover

What is the main ingredient found in cuticle remover?

sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide

To remove dead skin cells and allow products to penetrate better, small amounts of alpha hydroxy acids are found in . What are some of the differences between the 2 types of nail conditioners?

cuticle creams / AHA’s; differences also depend on ingredients

What is the purpose of nail bleach? What is the active ingredient found in nail bleach?

Its purpose is to remove stains and discoloration of the nail plate. The active ingredient is 6\% hydrogen peroxide.

Which nail product helps prevent nails from chipping or breaking and may contain strengthening fibers or formaldehyde?

nail strengthener

Which tools or implements used during a manicure should be discarded after use?

emery board and orangewood stick

Which manicuring implement is described as a metal instrument with two blades that pinch together and are used to trim excess cuticle?

cuticle clippers

Which of the five shapes of the nails are the strongest and which shape tends to break when worn at a longer length?

Square nails are the strongest, while point-shaped nails are more likely to break when worn at a longer length.

What are the plastic, nylon, or acetate fingernail-shaped extensions that are applied to the natural nail using a nail adhesive called?

nail tips

Describe the difference between the tip-well and the position stop:

1. Tip-well: the area that adheres to the natural nail plate.2. Position stop: the ridge where the free edge fits into place.

When sizing a nail tip, make sure the C-curve matches the natural nail shape and that the tip fits from to . What should be done when the client is between tip sizes?

sidewall to sidewall. When a client is between tip sizes, file down the sides.

What is mixed with monomer to form an acrylic nail?

polymer

Which acrylic nail product often contains a corrosive acid to improve adhesion of the acrylic to the natural nail?

nail primer

Why do we use a dehydrator when doing artificial nails?

to remove oils and moisture from the natural nail plate

How often should a guest receive a fill for the maintenance of artificial nails?

every 10-14 days / 2 weeks

True or False: The contact area is the portion of the natural nail where the tip-well adheres to the nail plate.

False

True or False: Sable bristle brushes are generally used for light-cured gel nails.

False

Which type of artificial nail enhancement uses a special light to create a chemical reaction to harden the product?

gel

Which type of artificial nail does not dissolve in acetone or any other solvent?

acrylic

Define pH and explain where pure or distilled water is found on the pH scale:

pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is. Pure or distilled water is considered neutral and is found at the midpoint of the pH scale, which ranges from 0-14.

List and describe the three common bacteria types.

1. Cocci: round-shaped cells that appear in groups or separately2. Bacilli: rod-shaped, and the most common type of bacteria3. Spirilla: spiral-shaped bacteria, associated with diseases like syphilis, Lyme disease, and cholera

What is the purpose of an efficacy label?

It indicates what the disinfectant is effective against.

What is the largest bone of the facial skeleton?

mandible

List the 9 bones of the facial skeleton affected by facial massage.

1. Frontal2. Parietal3. Occipital4. Temporal5. Mandible6. Maxillae7. Nasal8. Zygomatic9. Lacrimal

Which muscle controls the eyebrows by drawing them in and downward?

corrugator

What term describes a material that allows electric current to flow through it?

conductor

Define the following electrical terms:

1. Rectifier: changes from alternating current to direct current2. Converter: changes from direct current to alternating current

When too many appliances are put on one circuit and operated at the same time a/n occurs.

overload

Name the two types of shock and describe them:

1. Local shock: electricity passes through a small part of the body.2. General shock: electricity passes through the nervous system.

What term means having opposite poles in an electric current?

polarity

What 2 other terms are used for high frequency, which is an alternating current that can be adjusted to different voltages to create heat?

Tesla or violet ray

What is the term used to describe the electrode held by the client during a Galvanic current treatment?

inactive electrode

A type of electrotherapy treatment that is an alternating current that produces a mechanical effect but penetrates more deeply than faradic current is known as:

microcurrent (sinusoidal current)

Who wears protective eyewear during UV light therapy treatments?

both the client and the esthetician

Which of the 3 wavelengths of ultraviolet rays are most frequently used in tanning beds and are considered the longest because they travel from the sun and can penetrate the atmosphere to reach the earth?

long wavelength (infrared)

When analyzing skin with a Wood’s lamp, what color indicates pigmentations, dark spots, and/or sun damage?

brown

When analyzing the skin using the Wood’s lamp, which color(s) indicates dehydration and which color(s) indicates oily skin with clogged pores?

1. Dehydration: light violet2. Oily/clogged skin: yellow, pink, orange

Which skin care equipment combines an elaborate magnifying mirror with a black light, allowing the esthetician and client to view the skin simultaneously?

skin scope

What type of water is used in a facial vaporizer to prevent mineral build-up?

only distilled or filtered water

Define enzymes:

naturally occurring proteins that act as gentle exfoliants

Define pH (in chemistry):

potential hydrogen

What is the pH of the skin?

4.5 - 5.5

What are thickeners and viscosity modifiers?

polymers, gels, or emulsion ingredients that make a liquid thicker

Define coloring agents:

vegetable, mineral, or pigment dyes that are added to enhance a product (often not used in skin care products)

Ingredients that may block or clog the pores and contribute to pimples are described as .

comedogenic

Define antioxidants and antibacterial as they relate to cosmetic ingredients and give an example of each:

1. Antioxidants: ingredients that help with brightening, hydration, and fine lines.2. Antibacterial: ingredients that help kill bacteria in the skin (e.g., tea tree oil).

The toughest layer of the epidermis is called the:

stratum corneum

List the five layers of the epidermis:

1. Stratum corneum2. Stratum lucidum3. Stratum granulosum4. Stratum spinosum5. Stratum germinativum

Which layer of the epidermis contains basal cells for mitosis (cell division)?

stratum germinativum

Which type of cells, found in the stratum germinativum, gives skin its color?

melanocytes

Which layer of the dermis is the lowest and comes into direct contact with the subcutaneous layer? Which fibers in the dermis provide skin its strength and flexibility and extend into the subcutaneous layer?

The reticular layer is the lowest layer of the dermis. Collagen and elastin fibers provide skin its strength and flexibility, running in all directions and extending into the subcutaneous layer.

What are other names for the subcutaneous layer found below the dermis layer?

subdermis, subcutis

Define a papule:

a small elevation on the skin, which is inflammatory and does not contain pus