geology final multiple choice

which layer of the earth is liquid?

outer core

what part of the earth is broken into plates?

lithosphere

which plate is like a chocolate bar?

oceanic

which plate is like a marshmallow?

continental

when two oceanic plates collide, which subducts?

older oceanic plate

for which type of plate boundary are plate moving together?

convergent

t or f: a transform boundary is one big fault

false

which mechanism of plate motion is no longer accepted?

convection

which is not a driving force of slab pull or ridge push?

size

the vector in the black square is moving:

slowly north

the process by which proto-earth forms from cooling gas and particles:

accretion

which layer of the earth is solid but slows like a liquid?

asthenosphere

how fast do plates move

1 to 15 cm per year

which of the following is not a defining characteristic of a mineral?

formed from magma

diamond and graphite are polymorphs. which means they have different:

crystalline structure

which mineral property is least useful?

color

which type of magma is likely to produce runny quiet eruptions?

mafic magma ?

which of the following is likely to have the highest viscosity at room temperature

toothpaste

which of the following conditions will result in a highly explosive volcano?

low temp magma

which type of volcano has alternating explosive eruptions with lava flows?

stratovolcano

which of the following structures forms after a volcano erupts and the magma chamber collapses leaving a large depression?

caldera

which of the following causes a metamorphic rock to have foliation?

exposure to stress in one direction

which type of metamorphism is caused by rocks being altered by high temperatures associated with a nearby magma chamber?

contact metamorphism

if you saw a rock with the following texture, what would you say about it?

water depositing this sediment was moving quickly and changed velocity quickly

which sedimentary rock is biochemical?

chalk

plants can create what type of weathering?

root wedging

some rocks are most resistant to weathering than others. what type of weathering is this?

differential weathering

which kind of stress describes when a rock is pulled apart?

tension

what type of deformation is depicted in the rocks?

brittle

which of the following factors influence whether rocks will behave in a brittle or ductile manner

all of the above

which of the following geologic structures is a break in the rock without movement?

joint

which side of the fault is the hanging wall?

right

reverse faults are a result of which type of stress?

compression

which geologic structures are a result of ductile deformation?

folds

which of the following seismic waves travels the fastest?

P-wave

what term is used to describe the place below the surface the earthquake occurs?

hypocenter

what is the largest segment of geologic time?

eon

which is the correct order of eons?

hadean — archean — proterozoic — phanerozoic

which is known for abundant coal?

carboniferous

which is known for a major extinction?

permian

jurassic park should be named?

cretaceous park

during what time did our modern plate tectonics start?

proterozoic

t or f: land plants formed during the carboniferous time period?

false

based on the principle of super position, which is the oldest?

bottom

which stratigraphic principle would you use to determine if A is older or younger than the horizontal rock layers?

cross cutting relationships

which type of unconformity is present?

angular unconformity

which isotope would you use to date fossils?

14C - 14N 5730

drainage basins are formed based on:

topography

which drainage pattern is represented by fractures and joints?

rectangular

which drainage pattern is represented by multiple streams moving down a steep slope?

parallel

what size of sediment is carried in low discharge water?

silt/clays

material that moves within water but never settles out is:

suspended load

a narrow ridge of sediment that builds up on the margin of the river?

levee

land uplifting against a river creates?

canyon

flat lying area prone to flooding

flood plain

an index contour is:

a heavy brown line consistent with the others, but showing 100ft intervals

contour lines that are close together mean

the slope is very steep

what is the elevation at location A?

110

what is the elevation at location B?

120

what percentage of earths fresh water is groundwater?

30.1%

what drives elevated water withdrawal in state with low populations but high withdrawal?

irrigation

in the drinking fountain outside of M170, where is most of this water coming from?

fox river

why do cities use water towers?

pressure

over pumping near coasts can create:

saltwater intrusion

subsidence can cause:

earth fissures

urbanization creates a risk of reducing or preventing recharge of what?

confined aquifer

which is not an external factor of climate change?

albedo

which external factor has a short term cycle?

sun spots

which internal climate factor reflects UV radiation out of the earths atmosphere?

albedo

which internal climate factor has both long term and short term climate impacts?

volcanic activities

t or f: humans appear in the cenozoic era

true

t or f: numerical age dating is defined by the order of events

false

what principle tells you the oldest rocks are on the bottom?

superposition

select all that are required for a fossil to be an index fossil

• distinctive

• widespread

• abundant

the water table…

mimics the topography of the land it underlies

which of the following would make the best aquifer?

sandy beach deposits

how does water travel from the land surface into the subsurface to become groundwater?

through infiltration

what is discharge?

the volume of water actually flowing in a river per unit time

what is the water table?

delineation between water and air in the pores in the subsurface

match the feature to the layer in the image

• confined aquifer: sandstone (3)

• unconfined aquifer: sand and gravel (1)

• aquitard: shale (2)

how does ground water flow?

from high pressure (elevation) to low pressure (elevation) along curved paths

over pumping does not create impacts:

water fowl migration

t or f: subsidence is caused because air is more dense than water and water in pores allows collapse

false

carbon moves most quick between which spheres?

atmosphere and hydrosphere

which is not a climate proxy?

topsoil

which greenhouse gas has the biggest impact on the climate?

methane (CH4)

an increase in what tells us that climate change is caused by humans?

C-12

albedo works because…

light colors reflect the suns radiation

which is not a factor that causes long term climate change?

chemical weathering

why is continental crust like a marshmallow?

• light

• thick

• low density

why is oceanic crust like chocolate?

• dark

• thin?

• dense

identify metamorphic rocks

• foliated

• non-foliated

what is a mineral

• naturally occurring

• inorganic

• definable chemical composition

• solid

• orderly arrangement of atoms (crystalline structure)

processes of the rock cycle ??

• burial

• cementation

• weathering

• erosion

• deposition

• compaction

• solidification

igneous rock formation??

• melting

• cooling/freezing

definition of fold

bent layers of rock as a result of ductile deformation

joint vs fault

• fault: break in a rock with movement

• joint: break in a rock without movement

types of unconformities

• angular

  • sed. rock layers have different orientations

  • rocks below at dif. angle than rocks above

• nonconformity

  • sed. rocks overlying igneous or metamorphic rocks

  • bottom: igneous or metamorphic

  • top: sedimentary

• disconformities

  • sed. rocks are parallel on either side

  • everything is sed., just discontinuous

mitigation vs. adaptation

• mitigation: reduce CO2 in atmosphere

• adaptation: change human behavior to deal with climate change effects