POLS 1st MT Page 1 BAD

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key concepts, legislation, and court cases related to race, ethnicity, and politics in the United States, providing essential definitions and explanations for exam preparation.

Critical Race Theory

A framework that examines the relationship between race, law, and power, emphasizing that racism is ingrained in the fabric of society.

Three branches of U.S. government

Legislative, Executive, Judicial.

Obstacles to productive race talk

Barriers such as discomfort, fear, ignorance, and societal power dynamics that hinder open discussions about race.

Distinct case of Native Americans

Native Americans have unique historical treaties and sovereignty issues compared to other racial groups.

Race and U.S. Citizenship

Race has historically influenced who qualifies for citizenship and the rights afforded to citizens.

Civil Rights Movement vs. Black Power Movement

The Civil Rights Movement focused on integration and non-violent protest, while the Black Power Movement emphasized self-determination and empowerment.

Race as a social construct

Race is defined and imposed through social norms rather than biological differences.

Latino political issues

Latino politics involve unique challenges and alignments that differ from Black and Native American political issues.

Cohesive Latino Politics

Benefits include unified representation; disadvantages can include oversimplifying diverse experiences within Latino communities.

Racial triangulation

A framework to understand how different racial groups relate to each other, often involving positioning minorities against each other.

White identity

The social identity formed among people classified as white, often characterized by shared advantages and cultural elements.

U.S. Constitution and slavery

The Constitution historically accommodated and protected slavery through various clauses.

Race and land in U.S.-Indian relations

Land was a central issue in the displacement and treaties involving Native Americans.

Economic concerns and racial distinctions

Economic motivations led to the establishment of racial categories and hierarchies in colonial America.

Characteristics of Reconstruction

Reconstruction involved rebuilding the South and addressing the rights of freed slaves, with varying degrees of success.

U.S. policy towards Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican Americans

Policies varied, generally reflecting broader trends of incorporation and exclusion based on race and nationality.

Barriers to Asian inclusion

Legal restrictions, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act, were established to exclude Asian immigrants from U.S. society.

U.S. foreign affairs and Asian migrant experience

U.S. foreign policy influenced migration patterns and the treatment of Asian migrants.

U.S. foreign affairs and civil rights

International events and relations, including the Cold War, impacted the civil rights movement in the U.S.

Facets of U.S. citizenship

Citizenship includes rights, responsibilities, legal status, and cultural identity.

Multicultural view of U.S. citizenship

Emphasizes diversity and coexistence of different cultures within the U.S.; contrasts with the Transcendent view.

Transcendent view of U.S. citizenship

Views citizenship as a unified identity that transcends cultural differences.

U.S. Constitution Article I, Section 2

Pertains to representation and apportionment of members in the House of Representatives.

U.S. Constitution Article I, Section 8

Enumerates the powers of Congress.

U.S. Constitution Article I, Section 9

Restricts Congress' power regarding certain individual rights.

U.S. Constitution Article IV, Section 2

Addresses the rights of states and citizens.

Naturalization Act (1790)

The first law establishing rules for naturalized citizenship, restricted to free white persons.

Johnson v. M’Intosh (1823)

Supreme Court case ruling that land purchased from Native Americans was invalid.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Law that authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral homelands.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Supreme Court case that recognized the Cherokee as a distinct community but not as a foreign nation.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Ruling that affirmed the sovereignty of Native American nations and invalidated state laws within their territory.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Treaty that ended the Mexican-American War and ceded significant lands to the U.S.

Fugitive Slave Act (1850)

Law that required the return of escaped enslaved people to their owners.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Supreme Court decision denying citizenship to African American slaves.

Morrill Land Grant College Act (1862)

Provided grants of land to states for the establishment of agricultural and mechanical colleges.

Homestead Act (1862)

Law that granted land to settlers for agricultural development.

Thirteenth Amendment (1865)

Abolished slavery in the United States.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Defined citizenship and aimed to protect the rights of all citizens.

Burlingame-Seward Treaty (1868)

Treaty that established friendly relations between the U.S. and China.

Fourteenth Amendment (1868)

Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.

Fifteenth Amendment (1870)

Prohibited the denial of voting rights based on race.

United States v. Kagama (1871)

Case affirming the federal government's authority over Native American affairs.

Dawes Act (1871)

Legislation that divided Native American communal land into individual plots.

Page Act (1875)

Regulated immigration to the U.S. and prohibited Asian women from immigrating.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Law that prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the U.S.

Yo Wick v. Hopkins (1886)

Case addressing the rights of Chinese immigrants in the U.S.

General Allotment Act aka the Dawes Act (1887)

Focused on assimilating Native Americans by allotting them individual plots of land.

Indian Reorganization Act (1887)

Aimed to reverse the Dawes Act and restore some rights to Native American tribes.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Ended the Spanish-American War, leading to U.S. territorial gains.

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903)

Supreme Court case that affirmed Congress's power to unilaterally alter treaties with Native American tribes.

Jones Act (1917)

Granted U.S. citizenship to residents of Puerto Rico.

Takao Ozawa v. United States (1922)

Supreme Court ruling denying citizenship to a Japanese immigrant based on race.

Cable Act (1922)

Law that allowed women to retain their U.S. citizenship after marrying non-citizens.