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On July 1984, a man broke into 22 year old Jennifer Thompson-Cannino's apartment and raped her. Thompson-Cannino was sure that her eyes were open and that she was studying her attackers face. She reported this case and went in to pick who had raped her.
He was later convicted and she believed that it was Ronald Cotton. He was then given a life sentence also at the age of 22.
Bobby Poole, an inmate with Ronald Cotton, repeatedly joked about raping her and then got on trial, but they gave Cotton another life sentence because Thompson-Cannino said he had never seen Bobby Poole in his life.
After new DNA tech was produced, they came to the conclusion that it was Bobby Poole that did rape Thompson-Cannino.
Now both of them are friends, but Jennifer still sees him in her dreams, but they go around the world talking about wrongful conviction and identification reform
The retention and retrieval of information or experience over time as the result of three key processes:
Encoding: taking in info, which is encoding the sights and sounds
Storage: Retaining info and storing it in our mental storehouse
Retrieval: Retrieving it for later purpose like when someone asks "how did you and ____ get together?"
ex. think of taking a picture, then storing it away and then pulling it up when you want to look at it
ex. a restaurant server has to do this like 100 times a week, they take an order (encoding), they store the order (storage) then they retrieve it when giving the order and who to give it to (retrieval)
Paying attention
Deeply processing
Elaborating
Using mental imagery
120 bits
we literally use half of our conscious brain when fully paying attention to one person
These limitations mean we are basically always actively paying to one thing while simultaneously ignoring other
Divided
Sustained
Driving and texting
Canada Automible Association reported 4 million crashes because of driving and texting
Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario, Manitoba have equal or more car crashes due to driving and texting than impaired driving
Partially because your laptop can have other distractions like social media, games etc.
But even when it is used only for notes, pen and paper for paper fucking NEG
a continuum of memory processing (encoding) that include:
shallow
intermediate
deep
The word mom: Shallow: Just noting the the physical features of stimulus
Recognizing the shapes and letters of the word mom
Intermediate: Giving the stimulus a label
Reading the word mom
Deep: Thinking about the meaning of a stimulus
Thinking about the meaning of mom and about your own mommy like imagining your mom's face or her qualities
The formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.
Can happen with any level of processing ex. for shallow, you recognize the shape of m is two ns to make mom for deep, you would think of multiple moms you seen in tv and you would think of like mothers you know and mothers in art
The more elaborate the processing, the deeper the connection. You can memorize things without even fully memorizing by making connections
They used an MRI to study the brain of the people
They flashed multiple words for a few seconds and told them to tell them if it was lowercase or uppercase and measured their neural pathways
Then they told them to differentiate between words that were concrete like chair or book and abstract like love and democracy and there was more activity in the left frontal lobe when they were told to do that resulting in better memory meaning that greater elaboration of info is linked to neural activity, especially in the brains left frontal love
The use of imagery means that a person uses images to associate with the thing that they need to learn
Akira
Think of a waiter at a restaurant memorizing people's faces with the food that they are eating
Think of when you remember the image on the page with what you are studying, think of soc100 and how you were able to describe the flow chart with the churches
Theory stating that memory storage involves three separate systems:
Sensory memory: Time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds
Short-term memory: Time frames for up to 30 seconds
Long-term memory. Time frames for up to a lifetime
YES, but we lose info fast if we don't use strategies to transfer to short term or long term memory
You are bombarded with multiple stimuli, but only process a number of them.
You process many more stimuli than you notice, it retains info from your sense including a large portion of what you think you ignore, but it doesn't retain it for long enough
Echo meaning sound
auditory sensory memory, which retained for multiple seconds
Imagine standing in an elevator and you leave and your friend is like "what song was playing in that elevator?" -If your friend asks quickly enough, you may be able have a trace of the song left on your sensory registers
Icon meaning image
Visual sensory memory, which is retained for a quarter of a second
Your ability to "write" a word in the air, the residual iconic memory is what makes a moving line appear in the air
George Sperling's experiement
He flashed 9 letters at the same time for 1/20th of a second for participants, but they could only recall for 4-5 letters
They could recall seeing 9 letters for only an instant, but they couldn't name all the letters meaning that it was in the iconic sensory memory BUT forgetting from the ISM could be forgotten so fast that they weren't able to store it to short-term memory
He knew that the 9 letters were stored in their ISM, so he used a low, medium and high tone to signal the bottom, middle or top row, but they did not know what row to report until the letters were gone
"The Magical Number Seven Plus or Minus Two"
Individuals can keep track of 7+- 2 items without any external aids
Think of all the important numbers in your life including your phone number or student ID number
The number of digits that an individual can report back after a single presentation of them
College students can usually do 8-9, but you can do 10 shorty
If there is a longer list, it exceeds the short term memory limit and if you rely on short term memory for that, you can make errors
The conscious repetition of information
It is just repeating info over and over in your head to keep it in your memory
Info only lasts half a minute or less without rehearsal, but can be retained indefinitely if rehearsed
7 +_ 2 chunks: short term memory 4 +_ 1 chunks: working memory If the chunks are more complex, the harder it is to memorize (working memory) Working capacity is more associated with cognitive aptitudes like intelligence
Lays foundation of creative culture
Prehistoric tools and works of art reveal how (and when) early humans were thinking
It provides a helpful framework for addressing problems outside the laboratory like it can show if children are at risk of underachievement and to improve their memory
It can also help show early detection of Alzheimer's
Because of its importance on problem solving and cognitive functions
It was mixed results at first, but recent studies have showns specific brain training can improve working memory with several months of practice
The duration for effective enchancement training has been prolonged past what it used to be in the past
Stores visual and spatial info like visual imagery
It is limited, so if you put too much info in your visuo-spatial sketchpad, you cannot represent them accurately enough so you won't be able to retrieve it easily
Integrates info from both phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad and long-term memory
Play important roles in attention, planning and organizing.
Acts as a supervisor for what deserves our attention and what doesn't
It also selects which strategies to use to process info and solve problems
Also has limited capacity
Neuroscientists have only begun exploring the brain and its parts
There are no current parts of the brain that represent the workers, but parts of the brain that are activated when certain actions are being engaged in
When rehearsing words, verbal areas are activated like the Weckinre's area WHEREAS occipotemporal parts of the brain are activated when imagining pictures
The prefrontal cortex plays a role in attention is deployed to these various aspects of memory
He was affected epilepsy, so they removed his hippocampus and a portion of the temporal lobes of both hemispheres
His epilepsy improved, but he developed the inability for his episodic memory to surpass his working memory
His memory timeframe was only a few minutes at a time, he could not remember learning any new events and past events (Explicit), but could remember how to do things (implicit) was less affected ex. he could learn how to ride but he has no memory of how and when he learned it
The retention of information about the where, when, and what of life’s happenings—that is, how individuals remember life’s episodes.
It is autobiographical
Like when you were born, where your siblings were born, what you had for breakfast this morning
Implicit memory process that involves memory for skills
When you type, you just know where the keys are, you don't have to consciously look for them or when you drive a car you don't have to consciously think about turning the car on or steering the wheel
Try explaining how to tie a shoe lace without a shoe in front of you
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Flashcard (20)