Musculoskeletal System Chapter 14

bone

organ made up of hard connective tissue with a dense outer layer and spongy inner layer

periosteum

outermost layer of the bone made up of fibrous tissue

compact bone

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

cancellous bone

contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone

Endosteum

Membrane lining the hollow cavity of the bone

diaphysis

shaft of the long bone

epiphysis

end of each long bone

bone marrow

material found in the cavities of bones

red marrow

thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation

yellow marrow

soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

maxilla

upper jawbone

mandible

lower jawbone

vertebral column

made up of bones called vertebrae or vertebra through which the spinal cord runs

cervical certebrae

first set of seven vertebrae, forming the neck

thoracic vertebrae

second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine

lumbar vertebrae

third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine

sacrum

next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones forming joints called sacroiliac joints

coccyx

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

laminae

flat plates of bone that form the vertebral arch, the posterior portion of the spinal canal

clavicle

collarbone

scapula

shoulder blade

acromion process

extension of the scapula, which forms the high point of the shoulder

sternum

breastbone

xiphoid process

lower portion of the sternum

humerus

upper arm bone

ulna and radius

lower arm bones

olecranon process

projection at the proximal end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow

carpal bones

wrist bones

metacarpal bones

hand bones (metacarpus)

phalanx

finger and toe bones

pelvis

made up of three bones fused together

ischium

lower, posterior portion of the pelvis on which one sits

ilium

upper, wing shaped part on each side of the pelvis

pubis

anterior portion of the pelvis

acetabulum

large socket in the pelvis for the head of the femur

femur

upper leg bone

tibia and fibula

lower leg bones

patella

kneecap

tarsal bones

ankle bones

calcaneus

heel bone

metatarsal bones

foot bones

joint

junction of two or more bones, which often allows for movement of these

bones (also called articulation)

cartilage

firm connective tissue primarily found in joints

meniscus

crescent-shaped cartilage found in some joints, including the knee

intervertebral disk

cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together anteriorly at the

midline

synovia

fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities, bursae,

and around tendons

bursa

fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over

another

ligament

flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that aaches one bone to

another at a joint

tendon

band of fibrous connective tissue that aaches muscle to bone

aponeurosis

strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to aach muscles to bone

muscle

tissue composed of specialized cells with the ability to contract to produce

movement; the three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

fascia

band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses muscles and separates their layers

skeletal muscle

attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible.

smooth muscle

located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract

cardiac muscle

forms most of the wall of the heart

carp/o

carpals (wrist bones)

clavicul/o

clavicle (collar bone)

cost/o

rib

crani/o

cranium

femor/o

femur

fibul/o

fibula

humer/o

humerus

ili/o

ilium

ischi/o

ischium

lumb/o

loin, lumbar region of the spine

mandibul/o

mandible

maxill/o

maxilla

myel/o

bone marrow

oste/o

bone

patell/o

patella

pelv/i

pelvis, pelvic cavity

phalang/o

Phalanx

pub/o

pubis

rachi/o

vertebra

radi/o

radius

sacr/o

sacrum

scapul/o

scapula

spondyl/o

vertebra

stern/o

sternum

tars/o

tarsaks

tibi/o

tibia

uln/o

ulna

veterbr/o

vertebra

arhtr/o

joint

burs/o

bursa

chondr/o

cartilage

disc/o

intervertebral disc

fasci/o

fascia

lamin/o

lamina

menisc/o

meniscus

my/o

muscle

myos/o

muscle

synovi/o

synovia, synovial membrane

tendin/o

tendon

ten/o

tendon

ankyl/o

stiff, bent

electr/o

electricity, electrical activity

hem/o

blood

kinesi/o

movement, motion