Anatomy Exam 2

Patty was diagnosed with Cushing's Syndrome after taking a month long treatment of prednisone (cortisol). When you measure her plasma concentrations of CRH you would expect to find

the concentrations of CRH would be below normal

Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus

first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

The adrenal cortex secretes all of the following except

catecholamines

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pitutitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland is by the

superior hypophyseal portal system

Which of the following hormones act synergistically to increase blood volume

antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone

Billy suffered a bilateral spinal cord transection at L3. After he was released from the hospital he experienced

inability to attain an erection

Glycogenesis occurs in the the liver due to the action of

insulin

Hypothyroidism may be caused by

dietary iodine deficiency and/ or low concentration of TSH by the anterior pituitary

Glucagon is an amino acid-based hormone synthesized by the alpha cells of the pancreas. In healthy people glucagon is secreted between meals and

stimulates glycogenolysis

As a general rule steroid-based hormones stimulate gene expression through _______ receptors

intracellular

Aldosterone

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of

cortisol

Sympathetic activity causes more widespread effects than the parasympathetic system because

epinephrine is secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response

The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by peripheral ganglia

at or on the target organ and short postganglionic fibers

Hormones and neurotransmitters both allow cells to communicate with other cells. Which of the following are ways in which the 2 messengers are alike

They act through second messenger systems

ANP is a(n) _______ hormone secreted by the _________ and

Amino acid-based; heart; decreases sodium reabsorption

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release into circulation

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

increases calcium reabsorption from the kidney

Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the

Hypothalamus

List 3 of the 4 mechanisms discussed in class that regulate aldosterone secretion

AngII (low blood pressure or low blood volume)

Elevated blood K+

Stress (ACTH)

ANP (elevated Blood volume or stretch on the heart

Most blood vessels are innervated by the _______ fibers of the autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic

Over production of ADH would ______ sodium (Na+) concentration in the blood

Decrease

Alpha islet cells produce ________, an extremely potent hyperglycemic hormone

Glucagon

The _______ division of the autonomic nervous system is dominant when you relaxing on the beach

Parasympathetic

Briefly explain why a person who drinks an alcoholic beverage must urinate frequently

ADH promotes water reabsorption in kidneys and decreases urine production.

Alcohol inhibts ADH secretion.

Reduced ADH secretion also reduces water reabsorption and increases urine production necessatating more frequent urination

What is meant by "Target Cell Specificity"

Hormones can effect cells that express the receptor for that hormone

Which class of hormones are synthesized from cholesterol

Steroids

Billy was severly injured in a car accident . Amongst other injuries, he suffered a complete transection of spinal nerves at vertebra L3. Please discuss the effects of Billy's injury on nervous system function

Billy would lose somatosensory and voluntary motor from the waist down. He would only lose sacral parasympathetic function. These nerves regulate blood flow to genitalia, urination and defecation

Discuss the consequences of insulin deficiency

Since insulin normally stimulates an uptake of glucose from the blood, insulin deficiency will result in elevated blood glucose concentrations. The body perceives that it is starving.

Liver breaks down liver glycogen to raise blood glucose, more. Proteolysis of skeletal muscle and gluconeogensesis from amino acids in liver also raises blood glucose. Increase desire to eat (polyphagia) also raises blood glucose and blood fats. Lipolysis breaks down fats for sysnthesis of ketone bodies.

Elevated blood glucose in blood increases glucose lost in urine causing osmotic diuresis, polyuria and dehydration followeed by polydipsia (increased water intake).

Ketone body production lowers blood pH (ketoacidosis) and ketouria (ketone bodies in urine) and loss of electrolytes in uring disrupting membrane potential. affects heart, CNS and nausea and breathing

Discuss the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland

Thyroid hormone — T3 & T4

Metabolic hormone

Permissive hormone — makes other hormones more effective

Negative feedback control

Hormonally regulated

Calcitonin

Helps lower blood Calcium concentrations — antagonistic to PTH secretion and

Humorally regulated

Negative feedback control

Discuss the hormones that regulate Body water

ADH — Antidiuretic Hormone

Stimulates presence of aquaporins in the collecting ducts of kidneys

Promotes water reabsorption without electrolytes

Secreted from posterior pituitary and is humorally regulated by Na+ (osmoreceptors)

Negative feedback control

Aldosterone

Secreted from adrenal gland induces reabsorption of Na+ and thus enhances reabsorption of water

Hormonally (regulated) stimulated by RAAS (Ang II) and ACTH and inhibited by ANP

Humorally regulated by K+

ANG II — Angiotensin II

Nonclassical hormone pathway

Angiotensinogen secreted by liver activated by Renin from kidneys.

Acts on kidneys to promote reabsorption of Na+ and water

Stimulates secretion of Aldosterone (maybe ADH)

ANP — Atrial natriuretic peptide

Secreted by heart

Antagonistic to aldosterone — inhibits reabsorption of Na+ and water

Increases urine production

Discuss the hormones that synergistically alter blood glucose

4 hormones synergistically affect blood glucose

Glucagon

Alpha islet cells of pancreas

Stimulates breakdown of liver glycogen to raise blood glucose

Humorally regulated by blood glucose concentrations

Negative feedback control by elevated blood glucose

Growth hormone (GH)

Secreted by anterior pituitary

Stimulates increased blood glucose through breakdown of liver glycogen and decreases uptake of glucose by tissues

Not regulated by blood glucose concentrations

Cortisol

Chronic stress hormone

Raise blood glucose through gluconeogenesis

Not regulated by blood glucose concentrations

Epinephrine

Acute Stress hormone

Stimulates breakdown of liver glycogen

Not regulated by blood glucose concentrations

Compare and contrast the somatic motor and parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

Similar:

-myelinated neurons

-secrete Ach

-efferent

-both have fibers that originate from the spinal cord

-both have fibers that originate from the cranial nerves

Different:

-Single somatic motor neuron to reach target while PNS requires 2

-PNS has ganglia while Somatic does no

-PNS regulates glands and smooth muscle while somatic motor regulate skeletal muscle

-PNS is involuntary and Somatic is voluntary

-PNS consists of group B and C fibers while somatic motor consists only of group A fibers