Us History to 1900 Review

Olmec

First major civilization in Mesoamerica.

Maya

Advanced math, writing, astronomy.

Aztec

Built Tenochtitlán, powerful empire.

Inca

Vast empire in Andes, road systems.

North America

Mississippian (mound builders), 40,000 people

Nomadic

Moving from place to place in search of food and water.

Mississippians

Had been a sophisticated civilization, and had a sophisticated culture.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Sent Portuguese ships to explore the west coast of Africa.

Hierarchy

 A system, where European communities had been organized, based on their rank. Top= Monarchs and nobles. Bottom= Peasants.

Nuclear family

The household made up of a mother and father and their children. 

Crusades

A series of military expeditions to the Middle East in the name of Christianity. Increased trade, weakened nobles, strengthened monarchs.

Reformation

A reform movement that had divided Christianity in western Europe between Catholicism and Protestantism. 

Queen Isabella/King Ferdinand of Spain

Had paid for Columbus’ journey to go to the Americas.

Islam

Traders from North Africa’s faith, that they had brought with them, across the Sahara. It had been founded in Arabia in 622 by the prophet Muhammad, spread quickly across the Middle East and North Africa.

Mali

The empire, where Islam had become the court religion of, and was later embraced by the rulers of Songhai, including Askia Muhammad.

Songhai

Gained power and wealth by controlling the trans-Sahara trade. The rulers of these empires grew enormously rich by taxing the goods that passed through their realms.

Taino

Had called themselves, “noble ones”.  Christopher Columbus, had renamed their island San Salvador, or “Holy Savior,” and claimed it for Spain.

Colonization

The establishment of distant settlements controlled by the parent country.

Columbian Exchange

The global transfer of living things. Had created trading between different continents.

Hernando Cortes

Led an army into the American mainland, eager to claim new lands for Spain. Wanted more gold and silver, from the Aztecs/power.

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers, who took to the seas to claim new colonies for Spain. 

God, Gold and Glory

The 3 reasons why the Europeans had been exploring/colonizing.

New Spain

A capital, Cortes had laid plans for, and called it Mexico City.

Mestizo

Mixed Spanish and Native American population.

Encomienda

A system the Spanish had forced the native workers to labor, where the natives farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords, who had received the rights to their labor from Spanish authorities.

Juan Ponce de León

Spied a tree-covered beach. In honor of the holiday(feast of flowers), he named the land La Florida.

New Mexico

Pedro de Peralta, governor of Spain’s northern holdings, that had led missionary priests and other settlers to a tributary of the upper Rio Grande. 

Popé

Had led a well-organized uprising against the Spanish that involved some 17,000 people from villages all over New Mexico.

Samuel de Champlain

A French explorer who founded the first permanent

French settlement in North America, Quebec.

Quebec

The first permanent French settlement, founded in 1608. Had been founded by Champlain.

New Netherlands

A Dutch colony founded in 1609 by the Dutch East India Company to maintain Dutch fur-trading practices.

Dutch East India Company

A Dutch merchant company chartered in 1602 to carry on trade with Africa, the West Indies, North and South America, and Australia.

Henry Hudson

An English adventurer hired by the Dutch government who led an expedition to find a path to Asia through North America. His expedition led to the establishment of New Amsterdam.

Fur trading

The sale and exchange of animal furs (like beaver pelts). French and Dutch colonizers focused on trading furs with Native American tribes in North America.

New Amsterdam

Had been established as a trade center by the Dutch. One of the most diverse colonies in North America. It had been located, in the southern tip of Manhattan Island, and served as an important fur trading post.

Louisiana

A territory founded by the French.

New France

Territory in North America that had been founded by the French.

Jamestown

Founded in 1607. First permanent successful English settlement; John Smith & John

Rolfe; tobacco was main cash crop.

House of Burgesses

First elected assembly in colonies; start of representative

government. Founded in 1619.

Plymouth and Mayflower Compact

Founded in 1620. Pilgrims seek religious freedom; early self-government.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded in 1630. Puritans settle; “city upon a hill”; religious-based society. Had been known for religious freedom for Puritans.

King Phillip’s War

Founded in 1675-1676. Native resistance to colonial expansion; heavy casualties on both sides. King Phillip(Metacom) had been angry over colonial expansion and the treatment of his people. He had led attacks on colonists killing hundreds. The colonists, then attacked Metacom and his people.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Uprising of frontier settlers in Virginia against colonial government and Native Americans; highlighted tensions between poor farmers and elite planters. The government had not focused on the poor people’s needs, only the safety and relationship with Natives.  Founded in 1676. Had created early sign of colonial tensions & shift toward slavery.

Salem Witch Trials

Founded in 1692. Series of trials in Massachusetts; reflected Puritan religious fears, social tension, and strict moral codes.

Great Awakening

Founded in 1730s-1740s. Religious revival; emphasized personal faith & equality; challenged authority. Called on people to rededicate themselves to Christianity. Led to more religious diversity.

New England Colonies

Economy contained small farms, fishing, shipbuilding. Religion had been Puritan. Society consisted of town  meetings, emphasis on education. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.

Middle Colonies

Economy contained farming grains, trade, crafts. Religion had been diverse (Catholics, Quakers, Protestants). Society had been ethnically and religiously diverse. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

Tobacco

The cash crop that allowed for the Virginia colony to grow and prosper.

Roanoke

The first attempt at an English in the New World in 1587, and had failed.

Southern Colonies

Economy consisted of cash crops, tobacco, rice and indigo. Religion had been Anglican and Catholic in Maryland. Society had been plantation systems, slavery and rigid social hierarchy. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

Representative governments 

House of Burgesses, town meetings, Mayflower Compact.

Labor systems 

• Indentured servants: temporary work for passage. Came to the New World looking for a better life.

• Enslaved Africans: permanent labor, slave codes enforce hierarchy. We’re kidnapped and were forced to work on new plantations in the 13 colonies.

Pilgrims

“Separatists” Had been persecuted in England and came to the New World in 1620 seeking for religious freedom. Created the Mayflower Compact- a document that promised their loyalty to England’s king and to each other. Stated that they were going to make a self-government.

Puritans

Critical of the Church of England like Pilgrims. Came to the New World for religious freedom and opportunity.

Triangle Trade

Saw raw materials coming from the colonies going to Europe. There, they would be turned into manufactured goods that would be sent back to the colonies or down to Africa, where they would be exchanged for gold and spices. Along with, for slaves.

Mercantilism

Said that a nation’s power rests in its wealth.

Navigation Acts

A series of laws in the mid 1600s that England had passed that said that colonists could only use English ships and can only sell their raw materials to England and no other countries.

Colony

An area controlled by another country and is settled by people from another country.

John Peter Zenger

A newspaper publisher who published the New York Weekly Journal. Where, he had criticized the governor of NY, William Cosby. He, had helped promote freedom of the press/freedom of speech.

John Smith

Leader of Jamestown. 

John Rolfe

Introduced the profitable tobacco cash crop.

King Phillip

”Metacom” Had been the leader of the Wampanoags.

Nathaniel Bacon

Led Bacon’s Rebellion against Governor William Berkeley and the Natives. He, had sided with the poor colonists.

Jonathan Edwards / George Whitefield

Leaders of the Great Awakening.

Enlightenment thinkers (John Locke, Montesquieu and Voltaire)

Locke: Believed that God had provided laws of natural rights. 3 rights= Life, Liberty and Property. Created a social contract where, citizens agreed to obey gov’t and the gov’t would protect natural rights. If gov’t becomes Tyrannical, they do not have to obey it

Montesquieu: Published The Spirit of Laws, where he argued in order to prevent corruption the government should be broken into three branches: judicial (interprets laws), legislative(creates laws) and executive (enforces laws). His separations of power had been the blueprint for many governments today.

Voltaire: Fought for freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the separation of church and state. Fought against injustice. Defended victims of persecution.

 *All Enlightenment had influenced the US. *

Enlightenment

Emphasized the pursuit of knowledge through  reason and scientific method. Stressed observations and reasoning.

In which of the colonies had education been more widespread.

New England/Middle Colonies.

Who had created freedom of speech?

Voltaire.

The Southern had been most based on

Cash crops and slavery.

The Salem Witch Trials had created

Fear, Puritan authority and social tension.

Which of the colonies had the best climate for farming.

Southern.

The Southern colonies had wealthy ___________ ______ and had been more _____

Plantation owners/rural.

What had caused the conflict (King Phillip’s War) to occur between the American Indians and English colonists

The Americans Indian, had not been familiar with the concept of land ownership. They thought, that the land had been both theirs and the English. As well, the conflict had been started because the English had been messing up their crops, and making them go drunk so the English could make them sign off. Sign off, so the English could take over their land.

Why had the poor colonists rebel against the Natives/Governor Berkeley.

The poor colonists had rebelled against the natives because they had been constantly killing many innocent poor colonists. They rebel against the governor because he isn’t listening to any of their needs they ask him. Such as, their want to have more and better quality of land. He, is more focused on making sure the Natives are safe, and that he has a close relationship with the Natives.

Salutary Neglect

Turned England’s attention away from the colonies. Colonies had to continue mercantilism. Was not necessary for spending excess money on the colonies.

Why did Salutary Neglect end after the French and Indian War?

The British were in debt, and needed to start enforcing laws in order to make back money, and get out of debt.

Why was 1763 a turning point in Colonial British relations?

The British’s winning against the French in the French and Indian War led to many problems. They, had been in debt because of the amount of money they spent on military. They also, had to control lands west of them, with very little money.

Proclamation of 1763 

Split the lands near the Ohio River Valley, and east of that by a border. It had not allowed the American colonists to cross the other side of the border. It had made the British control lands, while having been in debt.

Sugar Act-1764

Helped to raise money for England prior to the French and Indian War. Taxed sugar, molasses coffee, wine and other imported products. Brought down stealing sugar and molasses into the colonies. It had became the first try to make money from the colonies for Britain. It had created an upbringing of colonial resentment. That, would later increase with the Stamp Act.

Stamp Act-1765

Required colonists to purchase stamps for newspapers, legal documents and other papers. Wanted to make money to pay for Britain’s troops in the colonies. Colonists respond with “no taxation without representation.” Created a beginning of boycotting on British products by colonists.

Sons of Liberty Formation

A radical political organization. Had been created in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. Leaders included Samuel Addams and Paul Revere. Incited riots and buried customs houses, where papers that had been stamped by the British had been stored. Formed the committees of correspondence. Which, had promoted opposition to the British by the colonists.

Boston Massacre

An event that arose because people had surrounded a place, where money had been kept. Threatening the guard in front of the building. Some people had been throwing snowballs in front of the building. British soldiers start to appear killing three men, and leaving others wounded and hurt. Colonists fight back with snowballs. Colonists start to boycott British products, Along with, protests starting to arise against the British.

Daughters of Liberty

Woman inside homes, who had been boycotting British goods. And instead, making British goods from scratch themselves.

Tea Act

Allowed the British East Indian Company to sell tea directly to the colonies. Gets passed in 1773. Had let the British sell their products to the colonists for a lower cost. Would tax the colonists to buy their own tea. Colonists had began drinking stolen Dutch tea instead of British East India Company tea. Colonists don’t pay for the British (cheaper tea) because they don’t want to pay the tax on tea.

Boston Tea Party

Arose because colonists were unable to buy tea from other nations. Colonists are angry at the tea tax, and dump the British tea in the Boston harbor on ships. The Boston Tea Party leads to a boycott on British products.

Intolerable Acts

Had been a response to the Boston Tea Party. A series of four acts created by the British government. Created to bring back order in Boston. Troops had been put in front of people’s homes. Made the colonists have to pay for the damages, the Boston Tea Party. Created a limited self-government. Port of Boston is closed, leading to a decrease in trade with other nations.

First Continental Congress 1774

Had been created to keep radicals in touch. They had been for certain that their rights would be removed from the British. Meeting occurred in Philadelphia, 1774. Created a continuation to boycott British goods. Suspended trade with all of the empire.  

Battle of Lexington and Concord

Created the start of the Revolutionary war. British wanted to obtain colonial weapons, and arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock in Concord, Connecticut. The shot at Lexington had been a symbol that showed the revolution had begun. At Lexington, almost 70 colonial militia faced 700 British soldiers.  The militia had left after 8 people had been killed.  At Concord, the colonists had kept the North Bridge safe, and made the British go back to Boston. There had been a colonial victory, with many British casualties.

Second Continental Congress

Took place in Philadelphia in Independence Hall. Wanted to create colonial war efforts, prior to the battle of Lexington and Concord. Representatives from all the colonies had came to the meeting. Formed the Continental Army, and called George Washington has the Commander in Chief. Approved the printing of money to pay for the army. Sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III as the last trial of peace.

Olive Branch Petition

A final try by the colonists to prevent going into a war with Britain during the American revolution. Had been approved by Congress on July 5, 1775. Acted as the national government during the American Revolution. Colonists had promised their trust to the crown, and stated their rights as citizens of Britain. King George III declined the petition, and stated the colonies were in rebellion.

Publication of Common Sense

Played a major role in the decision to declare independence. In his Common Sense, he states that Americans should be free from British control. As well as, lists the reasons why/how the British had been treating the Americans badly. Allowed the colonists to be persuaded on the idea of being free from British rule. And, to declare their own independence.

What territories were Britain and France competing for in North America?

Ohio River Valley.

Why were Native American alliances important during the conflict?

They were important because they had gave necessary arms. As well as, had a familiarity to British/French lands.

Albany Plan of Union and why it failed

A plan Benjamin Franklin had proposed for a coordinated colonial army. It failed, because the colonists lacked the unity to solve a common problem.

List two ways the French and Indian War changed the relationship between Britain and the colonies.

-British create a border from lands west of the Appalachian mountains to east of.

-British start putting major taxes on the colonists (tea tax, tax on stamp mountains).

Why did Britain start taxing the colonies after the war?

They start taxing the colonies, to retrieve the large amount of money they had lost. During the, French and Indian War.

Proclamation of 1763/ why were colonists upset about it

Created a border between lands west and east of the Appalachian Mountains. Colonists are upset, because they are unable to go to lands they fought very hard for.

Identify and explain two taxes or acts imposed by Parliament?

Sugar Act: Raised money for Britain after French and Indian War. Taxed sugar, molasses, coffee, wine. Helped start colonial resentment that would rise with the Stamp Act.

Stamp Act: Made colonists buy stamps for newspapers/legal documents. Colonists say “no taxation without representation.”

How did colonists protect these acts?

-Boycotting British goods.

-Destroying properties (burning custom houses).

-Daughters of Liberty create British products by hand.

No Taxation without Representation

The colonists should not be taxed, without speaking their own voice as part of that government.