AP Gov Unit 5.1-1.7

linkage institutions

connect people with the government keeping people informed and trying to shape public opinion and policy

political parties, interest groups, or the media

give 2 examples of a linkage institution

voting

the most common form of political participation is ___

electorate

individuals who have the right to vote

franchise

the right to vote

True

T/F At first only property-owning white males could vote

True

The Constitution originally called for state legislatures to appoint electors who then later elected the president in an electoral college

suffrage

qualifications for voting

True

constitution forbade religious test for federal offices but did not prevent test in determining who could vote

What tests were used to determine who could vote

property tax, poll tax, literacy test, gender

citizens shall not be denied the right to vote due to race, color or previous servitude

15th amendment

citizens shall not be denied the right to vote due to gender

19th amendment

DC will have 3 electoral votes

23rd amendment

ended the poll tax

24th amendment

citizens 18 and older can vote

26th amendment

ended slavery

13th amendment

granted citizenship and legal protection

14th amendment

gave African American males the right to vote

15th amendment

Jim Crow Laws

designed to keep African Americans from voting

Poll Tax

fee required to vote

white primary

kept African Americans from voting since it was the organization’s way of selecting a candidate

people would now select senators

17th amendment

Susan B. Anthony

lead the suffragist movement for women

1957 Civil Rights Act

addressed discrimination in voter registration

preclearance

provision that put states under federal supervision if they attempted to invent new, legal loopholes to diminish black suffrage such as moving polling places or gerrymandering

gerrymandering

creating district that favors a political party

Rational voting

voter who has examined an issue or candidate, evaluated campaign promises or platform points and consciously decided to vote in the way that seems to most benefit the voter

retrospective voting

look backward to consider candidates track records

prospective voting

citizens anticipate the future - consider how candidate or proposed ballot initiatives might affect their lives in the future

party-line voting

citizen affiliated with a political party or hold a strong party loyalty will likely vote with their party at most opportunities

party indetification

What is the easiest way to predict a voter’s habits?

States

who are the most responsible for elections, both state and federal

1. at least 18

2. register to vote

3. US citizen and resident of the state where you are voting

4. In 12 states - nonfelon

list the requirements to vote

precinct

a small geographic area where voters in that area are assigned to vote

ward

refers to a combination of a number of precinct

the First Tuesday after the First Monday in November

When does the federal government set the date for federal elections?

National Voter Registration act

addresses national standards and enforcement of voter registration, mail-in registration and government based registration

• all states had to update voting systems to an electronic format

• addressed voting for people with disabilities

• registering voters must provide a driver’s license or the last four digits of a Social Security number

• military serving overseas must have access to absentee ballots, registration forms and election information

Help America Vote act

Australian Ballot

Absentee Ballot

must be requested, completed and mailed in according to the states requirements

midterm election

one that is for House Representatives, maybe a senator or governor then local officials has a lower voter turnout that a presidential election

voter apathy

a lack of concern for the election outcome

political efficacy

sense that their vote makes a difference

voting block

a group of people who tend to vote together

political parties

organized groups of people with similar political ideologies and goals who recruit candidates and help them get elected to create public policy

platform

written list of beliefs and political goals

republican party

supports conservative issues

democratic party

supports more liberal issues

every 4 years

How often does a party hold a national convention?

1. nominate the party candidate for president

2. adopt a national platform

What is the purpose of a national convention?

war chest

refers to money a candidate might already have that can be used on a campaign

federal election commission

parties must register with this organization, party can only contribute $5,000 into a candidate’s account per election, party can spend unlimited amount

national republican senatorial committee & National republican congressional committee

national democratic senatorial campaign & democratic congressional campaign committee

What are the 4 non-law making committees

True

T/F political parties are not mentioned in the constiution

federalist

supported a strong central government

anti-federalist

supported state’s rights

Whigs

became the republican party - supported the national government and opposed slavery

the democratic-republican party

What did the Anti-federalists become know as?

superdelegates

high-ranking delegates not linked to any state primary vote, who vote for the party candidate at the national convention

party realignment

a change in underlying electoral forces due to changes in party identification

1. a party is defeated badly and fades away as a new party is created

2. large blocks of voters shift party allegiance

2 reasons for party realignment

Grand Old Party

republican party also known as

demographiscs

who are the voters - race, gender, age, neighborhood, church, or political affiliation

psychographic segmentation

uses data about our personality, lifestyle, and social class to categorize groups of voters

third party

also known as minor parties, influences by social movements and interest groups

ideological party

third party type that subscribes to an idea

splinter party

third party type that occurs when a party breaks away from a major party

economic-protest parties

third party type that is a greenback party opposing monopolies

single issue parties

what third party type is the prohibition party

1. throw elections

2. make unpopular issues popular

2 outcomes from 3rd parties

1. money

2. ballot access

3. media

4. convincing voters to vote for you even though they do not think you can win

4 reasons it is diffucult for 3rd parties to compete with Major Parties

single member districts

the candidate who wins the most votes or plurality wins the office (you do not have to have the majority)

presidential election

winner take all - this is a problem

swing state

a state that does not always vote for the same political party

pluralism

a multitude of views that ultimately results in a consensus on some issues

lobby

apply pressure to influence government

iron triangle

bond between federal agencies, congressional committees and interest groups

issue networks

collectives with similar goals, but they have come together to support a specific issue and usually do not have the long-term relationships that characterize with iron triangles

1. help draft legislation

2. provide information about an issue

3. lobby

4. prepare advertising

what do interest groups do

501 C-3

organizations such as churches that receive tax deductions but cannot lobby

endorsement

a public expression of support

American Federation of labor (AFL) & Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO)

labor unions that merged together

strike

main tool of a labor union is ___

US Chamber of Commerce

one of the larger and most influential groups in DC

congress can collect income tax

16th amendment

people can vote for senators instead of state legislatures

17th amendment

women can vote

19th amendment

national association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP)

seek racial equality and social fairness for African Americans

National Organization for Women (NOW)

fought for the equal rights amendment even though it was not ratified

Title IX

funding equality to men’s and women’s school athletics and Roe v Wade

rachel carson

wrote Silent Spring criticized the use of insecticides that harmed birds and wildlife

ralph nader

consumer advocate