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What is a research question ?
A research question is what you are trying to find in your experiment.
What is the "aim" in a scientific experiment ?
An aim is a two-sentence statement describing the purpose of the experiment
What is a hypothesis?
A hypothesis is an educated prediction based on background information and active observations
What is the independent variable?
The experimental factor that is changed.
What is a Dependant variable?
what is being measured in an experiment
What is a Control variable ?
A variable that is kept constant during a controlled experiment.
What is Validity ?
Validity is how well your methodology tested the relationship between IV and DV
What is a control group?
Control groups are groups added without any change to the IV to serve as a comparison to the experimental groups (Groups where the IV has been changed)
What is a negative control group ?
A group for which no change is expected, used to identify any external factors not being accounted for
What is a positive control group ?
The positive control group is when the independent variable is changed to prove that the setup of the experiment works, and produces fair results.
What is repeatability?
Repeatability is a measure of how well the experiment results can be repeated by the same experimenter
What is reproducibility?
Reproducibility is how well another experimenter can produce the same results
What is a force?
A force is a push or a pull on an object
What is force measured in?
Newtons (N)
What is applied force?
Applied force is a contact force applied to an object by another object
What is Normal force ?
Normal force is a type of contact force applied when in contact with a stable force
What is a Friction Force?
A friction Force is a contact force made when an object moves across a surface
What is Air resistance ?
Air resistance is a type of frictional force as an object travels through the air, usually opposing the direction the object is travelling.
What is "lift" (airplane) force?
Lift force is a contact force cause by air when moving around a wing
What is Gravity ?
Gravity is a non contact force cause by a large object pulling other objects towards it
How do you calculate weight ? (KG) (the term weight and mass is interchangeable here)
Newtons/Gravitational Acceleration (Gravitational Acceleration on earth is 9.81)
What is tension force ?
A type of contact force created by pulling a rope like object of any scale
What is electrostatic force ?
Electrostatic force is a non-contact force between the two electromagnetically charged particles. opposites attract and like charges repel
What is speed ?
Speed is how far an object moves in a given time
What is velocity?
Velocity is speed and direction, calculated is by displacement / time
How is speed calculated ?
Speed = Distance (m) / Time (s)
How is distance calculated when speed and time is given ?
Distance = speed x time
How is time calculated ( in correlation to speed)
TIme = Distance/Speed
What is distance ?
Distance is how far an object moves through a route
What is displacent?
Displacement is the distance between A and B in a straight line
How to calculate Velocity ?
Velocity = Displacement/Time + heading
How to calculate Acceleration ?
Velocity (final) - Velocity (initial)/ Time taken
What is Newtons first law ?
An object will remain in the same state of motion unless acted on by an external force.
What is inertia ?
An object will remain in the same state of motion unless acted on by an external force.
Newtons Second Law
Force = Mass x Acceleration (F=ma)
Newtons Third Law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
What is a proton?
A positively charged particle found in the nucleus
What is a neutron ?
a particle that has no charge and that is inside the nucleus
What is an electron ?
negatively charged particles found in shells
What does the atomic number represent ?
Amount of Electrons and protons
What does the atomic mass represent?
protons + neutrons
What is a period In chemistry ?
A row with the same amount of shells
What is a Group in Chemistry ?
A Column with the same amount of electrons in the last shell
What are the characteristics of Metals ?
Lustrous, Malleable, Ductile and Conductive
What are the characteristics of Non-metals ?
brittle , dull, poor conductors of heat and electricity
What are the characteristics of Metalloids ?
Have some qualities of metals and non metals
What is a valence shell ?
the outermost shell of an atom, these electrons are involved with chemical reactions.
How do atoms become charged ?
When an atom gains or loses electrons it becomes charged
What is a cation ?
If an atom loses an electron, its has more protons, making the atom positively charged, making it a cation
What is a anion ?
If an atom gains an electron, it has more Electrons, making the atom Negatively charged
What is a coefficient in Chemical equation ?
Amount of molecules involved in chemical reaction.
What is a subscript in a chemical equation ?
amounts of atoms in the molecule
What is the central nervous system?
consists of the brain and spinal cord
What is the peripheral nervous system?
nerves
What is a neuron?
a nerve cell
What is a dendrite?
Dendrites receive the impulses from other neurons
What is the soma?
A cell body that contains the nucleus and organelle
What is the nucleus?
Control center of the cell
What is the axon?
The axon transmits electrical signals from the dendrite to axon terminals for communication with other neurons or effectors
What is the Myelin sheath ?
covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses
What is the axon terminal?
This is one of the numerous branched endings of an axon. Also known as a terminal. It is used for communication.
What is a sensory neuron?
The sensory neuron is a part of the PNS and senses external stimuli and converts them into electrical impulses and transmits them to the CNS
What is an inter neuron?
a neuron which transmits impulses between other neurons,.
What is a motor neuron?
Sends signals from the CNS to the effector organs such as muscles and glands
What is a neurotransmitter?
Neurotransmitters are locates in the axon terminals, they are released and head towards the dendrite of the next neuron, this is called synaptic transmission
What is synaptic transmission?
neurotransmitters leaving the axon and arriving at the dendrite of another cell
What is the shape of DNA?
double helix
What does DNA stand for ?
deoxyribonucleic acid
What is a nucleotide ?
Nitrogen base + sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and phosphate group
What are the four different nitrogens bases found in nucleotides ?
Adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine.
What connects the phospate to the sugar and the sugar to nitrogen base ?
Covalent bonds
What does Thymine bond with ?
Adenine
What does adenine bond with ?
Thymine
What does Guanine bond with ?
Cytosine
What does cytosine bond with ?
Guanine
What is protein synthesis ?
The conversion of DNA into protein.
How Does DNA convert to Protein?
Transcription
Step 1: DNA is transcribed into mRNA (messenger RNA) inside the nucleus.
Step 2: The mRNA exits the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. This is when thymine turn into Uracil
Translation:
Step 3: mRNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
Step 4: The ribosome reads the mRNA in sets of three letters (codons).
Step 5: tRNA (transfer RNA) brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome.
Step 6: Amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides (protein chains).
What happens to thymine when translated into RNA?
It is converted into uracil
How does DNA turn into Proteins (step by step)
DNA - RNA - Codon ( example AUG) - Amino Acid (Methionine) - Polypeptides (multiple acids) - proteins(Many polypeptides)
How to link Cell to Phosphate ?
Cell - Nucleus - Chromosomes - DNA - Nucleotide - Phosphate, sugar and Nitrogen base
What is a cell?
the smallest unit of a living thing, anything smaller parts of a cell in not living
What is a nucleus of a cell ?
It is where genetic material resides and where proteins are made
What is a nucleus of an atom ?
protons and neutrons
What are genes ?
Genes are segments of DNA that contain building proteins;
What is an allele?
A Mutation to the DNA (changing the sequence of it)
How does alleles affects the phenotype?
Alleles change the DNA order slightly, creating different proteins altogether, just one nucleotide being in a different position in the same codon can lead to a new amino acid.
What is homozygous?
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene
What is heterozygous?
Having two different alleles for a particular trait
What is a genotype?
genetic makeup of an organism
What is a phenotype?
physical characteristics
What is dominant a phenotype?
When an individual has a dominant allele its is displayed regardless of whether it is a homozygous or heterozygous
What is a recessive Phenotype?
When an individual has a recessive allele it's is displayed only if the other allele is also recessive.
What is a autosomal chromosomes?
Autosomal are non-sex chromosomes and come in pairs, with one chromosome inherited from each parent, they follow dominant and recessive rules.
How any autosomal chromosomes are there ?
44 in 22 pairs
What is the function of the x gene ?
The x chromosome is not related to the determination of sex, it is to receive data from the parent
What is the function of the y gene?
The y chromosome contains genes that determine male characteristics.
What determines biological sex ?
Biological sex is not determined by x or y chromosomes but rather by what is in the Y chromosome, the SRY gene.
What is the SRY gene ?
The the gene of DNA that determines sex
What is an XX human ?
Female
What is an XY human?
Male
Note 
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