Infectious Diseases

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS).

What do hantaviruses cause?

rodents

How are hantaviruses spread?

A hantavirus

What type of virus is Seoul virus?

Clean rodent areas carefully - try to not aerosolise. Wear mask. Wet bedding before cleaning up. Insulate/fix houses to prevent nest making. Trap (kill). No rodenticides.

Ways to prevent hantavirus?

Arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, and flaviviruses.

Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are caused by viruses of four distinct families - what are they?

RNA

What type of viruses are arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, and flaviviruses?

The first outbreaks of Marburg hemorrhagic fever, in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany, and in Yugoslavia, occurred when laboratory workers handled imported monkeys infected with Marburg virus.

Describe the first outbreaks of Marburg haemorrhagic fever.

Ebola, Marburg, Lassa and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses.

Which VHFs are spread human to human?

Patients receive supportive therapy, but generally speaking, there is no other treatment or established cure for VHFs. Ribavirin, an anti-viral drug, has been effective in treating some individuals with Lassa fever.
Poss plasma.

How are VHFs treated?

Tick-borne virus (Nairovirus) of the Bunyaviridae family.

What type of virus causes Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF)?

The Egyptian rousette bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus

What is the reservoir for Marburg virus?

Filovirus

What type of virus is Marburg virus?

Filovirus

What type of virus is Ebola virus (EBOV)?

Filovirus

What type of virus is Bundibugyo virus (BDBV)?

Arenavirus

What type of virus is Lassa fever virus?

Old World hantaviruses: Europe and Asia; New World hantaviruses: North, Central, and South America

Where are ‘Old world’ hantaviruses found versus ‘new world’?

Multimammate rat (Mastomys natalensis)

What is the vector for Lassa fever?

Ixodes ticks (causes Crimean Congo Haem Fever)

What is the vector for Nairovirus?

Phenuvirus

What type of virus is Rift Valley Fever virus?

Mosquitos

What is the vector for Rift Valley Fever virus?

Flavirvirus

What type of virus is Yellow Fever virus?

Mosquitos

What is the vector for Yellow Fever virus?

Mosquitos

What is the vector for Dengue virus?

Flavirvirus

What type of virus is Dengue virus?

Paramyxoviruses

What type of virus is Hendra virus?

Paramyxoviruses

What type of virus is Nipah virus?

Flying fox bat (genus Pteropus)

What is the vector for Hendra virus?

Flying fox bat (genus Pteropus)

What is the vector for Nipah virus?

Australia

Where is Hendra virus found?

India, Bangladesh

Where is Nipah virus found?

Racoon

What is the vector for rabies on the East Coast?

The largest tapeworm that can infect people.

What is Dibothriocephalus latus (belonging to the family Diphyllobothriidae)?

You can get infected by eating raw or undercooked fish.

How do people get Dibothriocephalus latus?

Flavivirus

What type of virus is Dengue virus?

Four

How many Dengue serotypes are there?

Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Aedes vittatus = aegypti the most prolific. It is lazy, breeds in homes and infects in close proximity.

What are the main vectors for Dengue?

4-10 days

What is the incubation period for Dengue virus?

Southern CA and Florida - need to be able to have Aedes breed all year round.

Where are most Dengue cases in the US?

• high fever (40°C/104°F)

• severe headache

• pain behind the eyes

• muscle and joint pains

• nausea

• vomiting

• swollen glands

• rash

Some progress to haemorrhagic disease.

What are typical clinical signs of Dengue in people?

PCR for virus detection. Then IgM serology for exposure.

Best test for Dengue?

An RNA virus in the alphavirus genus of the family Togaviridae.

What type of virus is chikungunya virus (CHIKV)?

Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes

Which mosquitoes are the vector for chikungunya virus?

1966-1980

When was the global small pox eradication programme?

Double-stranded DNA orthopoxvirus within the Poxviridae family

What type of virus is mpox virus?

There are two distinct clades: the Congo Basin clade, which is characterized by a high transmission rate and a case fatality rate of approximately 10%, and the West African clade II, which is associated with limited human-to-human transmission and a lower case-fatality rate of less than 1%

Tell me about the mpox clades.

wild animals, including squirrels, sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), and Gambian rats

Three genera of African rodent, Graphiurus, Cricetomys and Funisciurus (African dormice, giant pouched rat, rope squirrel, respectively

What animals spread mpox?

The cessation of the administration of the smallpox vaccine in Nigeria since 1980 could be a critical factor enhancing the re-emergence of mpox virus among individuals previously vaccinated with smallpox vaccine, due to waning immunity against mpox virus.

Discuss a factor that has contributed to the rise in mpox from 2017.

Tecovirimat and Brincidofovir

Which antivirals are licensed to treat mpox?

The two vaccines that have received FDA approval are ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS. ACAM2000 is the only vaccine that is advised for monkeypox post-exposure prophylaxis; JYNNEOS is a live, non-replicating virus that has been approved exclusively on monkeypox.

What are the two vaccines that are licensed to treat mpox?

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

What is the brown dog tick?

1. Brown dog tick   1  6                  1. Ixodes scapularis DEER TICK

2. Lonestar tick    5 4                       2. Haemaphysalis longicornis

3. Gulf coast tick 3                         3. Amblyomma maculatum

4. Deer or blacklegged tick   6 1  4. Amblyomma americanum LONESTAR

5. Longhorn tick  2                         5. AMERICAN DOG TICK

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

What is the Brown dog tick?

Amblyomma americanum

What is the lonestar tick?

Haemaphysalis longicornis

What is the longhorn tick?

ixodes scapularis

What is the deer tick or black legged tick?

Dermacentor variabilis

What is the American Dog tick?