geography globalisation

key words 4 globalisation

at kearney index

this measures countries on their economic, personal, technological, and political integration and each year produces the globalisation index and global cities lists where cities and countries are ranked

brain drain

when the educated workforce leave a country, as they have the skills another country needs

brawn drain

where a country loses its (normally construction) workers to another country. manual and skilled labour moving out of a country

censorship

the suppression of free speech, public communication, or other information which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect, or inconvenient as deteremined normally by governments. eg north korea, cuba

containerisation

transportation of cargo in containers (that can be interchanged between ships, trains, and trucks) in standard sizes

cultural diffusion

the spread of culture, including aspects such as clothing and food, from one group to another, typically as a result of making contact for the first time. European explorers bringing back foods and other items, such as tobacco, from newly explored lands is an example of cultural diffusion. eg tea from India

cultural erosion

loss of a cultural identity. normally we think about indigenous people here. however, in more developed and switched-on places, we can view this as very similar to both westernisation and americanisation. examples are uk people listening to us rap artists, and uk grime music develops (jay-z to stormzy). the great American melting pot could be mentioned here, linking to migration

deindustrialisation

the reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy. examples: Redcar, uk steel industry (tata and corus collapse sheffield and north east england arround middlesborough)

diaspora

a diaspora is a scattered population with a common origin in a smaller geographic locale. diaspora can also refer to the movement of the population from its original homeland. examples are indians and pakistanis to the uk, italians to eastern usa mainly NYC, jewish populations globally

deregulation

the lifting of government controls over an industry, which usually results in greater competition and lower prices for consumers

e-tailer

a retailer selling goods via electronic transactions on the internet

economic liberalisation

the lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entities; the doctrine is associated with classical liberalism. thus, liberalisation, in short, is the removal of controls to encourage economic development

economic restructuring

shifting from an economy based on one sector. eg primary or secondary, to an economy based on another sector, eg secondary or tertiary

ethical consumption/consumerism

buying products that were ethically produced and/or are not harmful to the environment and society. this can be as simple as buying free-range eggs or as complex as boycotting goods produced by child labour

exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

the area of the ocean extending 200 nautical miles beyond the coastline, over which a nation controls the sea and sub-sea resources

extremism

the holding of extreme political or religious views fanaticism. recently, it has developed into political and/or religious extremism. the rise of extremism across Europe (the far right) is a good example, including groups such as the soldiers of odin

foreign direct investment (FDI)

where a country or TNC (normally) invests heavily into another country. for example dyson into Malaysia or apple into china

gender inequality index

reflects women’s disadvantage in three dimensions - reproductive health, empowerment, and the labour market - for as many countries as data of reasonable quality allow. the index shows the loss in human development due to inequality between female and male achievements in these dimensions

globalisation

refers to the growth and spread of ideas, business, culture, and goods on a global or worldwide scale, making the world more interconnected

high wage elite migration

highly skilled and influential individuals eg Russian oligarchs in London

host country

the country where the migrant goes to

hub city

a city that is a focal point for activities with a global influence, eg trade in Shanghai or business in London

human development index

a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development

interdependence

globalisation has meant that many people move more freely around the world. this increases interdependence between regions eg ‘when america sneezes, the rest of the world catches a cold’. where countries rely on each other for, eg china relies on Sierra Leone for their diamonds. normally, the more developed nation dominates negotiations over emerging countries, and this relationship can be viewed as unfair or ‘bleeding the poorer nation dry’ (of its assets or natural resources). TNCs can also do this (shell and nigeria)

international monetary fund (IMF)

an international organisation headquartered in Washington DC, consisting of 189 countries working to foster global monetary coopoeration, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.

islamic state

a jihadist terrorist organisation that rose to prominence in 2013 during the syrian civil war, occupying parts of the middle east and carrying out terrorist attacks worldwide

kof index

ranks countries on 24 economic parameters in 3 areas: economic globalisation, social globalisation, and political globalisation

localism

a range of political philosophies that prioritise the local, generally, localism supports local production and consumption of goods, local control of politics and decisions. good examples are leek local and totnes

low wage migration

low wage (for that country) jobs in sectors like cleaning, catering, or construction

megacity

a very large city, typically one with a population of over ten million people

outsourcing

a practice used by different companies to reduce costs by transferring portions of work to outside suppliers rather than completing it internally. usually involves overseas companies due to cheaper labour

race to the bottom

a socio-economic phrase used to describe government deregulation of the business environment or reduction in tax rates to attract or retain economic activity in their jurisdictions. an outcome of globalisation and free trade, the phenomenon may occur when competition increases between geographic areas over a particular sector of trade and production

remittance

money sent back to the migrant’s source country

shrinkage of the state

the process of reducing the size and role of the government in an economy, often through privatisation and deregulation

source country

the country where the migrant comes from

supply chain

the movement of products from a manufacturer to a distributor to a retailer and any points in between

the world bank

an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects. it comprises two institutions: the international bank for reconstruction and development (IBRD) and the international development association (IDA). the world bank attempts to tackle global poverty

trade protectionism

the economic policy of restraining trade between states (countries) through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other government regulations. think donald trump and goods to and from the EU, Mexico and the middle east

transition town

grassroots community projects that aim to increase self-sufficiency to reduce the potential effects of peak oil, climate destruction, and economic instability. totnes is a good example, a 23000 population town in devon, SW England

world trade organisation (WTO)

an intergovernmental organisation that regulates international trade

xenophobia

is the fear and distrust of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange