Studied by 2 people
Rene Descarte
________ was the first to suggest that the brain was the organ that controlled the body.
Oligodendrocytes
________: Form the myelin segments on neural axons; keeps neurons in place.
cell body
The ________ (soma) is the main part of the neuron, where the nucleus and most other organelles are.
Satellite cells
________: probably metabolic support, but newly discovered and still learning about.
Johannes Muller
________ determined that nerves are capable of sending only one type of message, a binary one: on or off; he also began to collect data via experimental ablation (the systematic removal of brain parts to determine the effect on behavior)
Ependyma
________: form the lining of ventricles and fluid chambers; cilia create flow in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
Neoteny
________: delayed adolescence and a notably juvenile shape to the adult human head allow for longer brain development and a larger brain cavity compared with our cousins the chimps and gorillas.
Microglia
________: immune cells, that destroy bacteria and viruses.
PNS
________= peripheral nerves; composed of bundles of axons surrounded by multiple layers of connective tissue; interspersed in these bundles are the blood vessels that feed the nerves.
Spinal cord
________: spans from the brain down through the vertebral column, connecting the brain to the peripheral nerves.
Nerves
________ are large bundles of individual neurons.
Tight junctions
________: capillaries in the brain are composed of a single layer of epithelial cells just like capillaries in the rest of the body, but their cell membranes overlap, forming a(n) ________ through which it is more difficult for materials to pass.
Perineurium
________ surrounds nerve fasicles.
Myelin
________ is a fatty substance that insulates neural axons and increases signal speed.
Endoneurium
________ surrounds individual nerves.
Luigi Galvani
________ determined that the nerves of the nervous system communicate via electrical impulse.
Astrocytes
________: these cells serve as "filters "through which materials must pass as they diffuse from blood to ________ to neuron.
Paul Broca
________ used human subjects who had brain damage of some kind to study brain regions and determined that certain regions of the brain were responsible for specific functions; discovered and named Brocas area.
blood brain barrier
The ________ is not a single structure but a way that capillaries are organized differently in the brain than elsewhere.
Glial cells
________ are "helper "cells- they support neurons but can not receive or send messages themselves.
obstetrical dilemma
The ________: the evolution of upright posture demands that human pelvises be relatively narrow, which limits the width of the birth canal, though human infant heads are quite large to accommodate the large brains, which leads to difficult, painful, and dangerous childbirth.
Sensory neurons
________: respond to external changes (i.e.
nervous system
Functions of the ________: sense changes in the external environment and respond to those changes.
Characteristics of the right hemisphere
does not understand language, does recognize faces
Characteristics of the left hemisphere
contains the two primary language processing centers (Brocas and Wernickes areas), as well as the seat of consciousness (??)
Johannes Muller determined that nerves are capable of sending only one type of message, a binary one
on or off; he also began to collect data via experimental ablation (the systematic removal of brain parts to determine the effect on behavior)
Neoteny
delayed adolescence and a notably juvenile shape to the adult human head allow for longer brain development and a larger brain cavity compared with our cousins the chimps and gorillas
The obstetrical dilemma
the evolution of upright posture demands that human pelvises be relatively narrow, which limits the width of the birth canal, though human infant heads are quite large to accommodate the large brains, which leads to difficult, painful, and dangerous childbirth
Functions of the nervous system
sense changes in the external environment and respond to those changes
Brain
composed of 100 billion neurons as well as many glial cells
Spinal cord
spans from the brain down through the vertebral column, connecting the brain to the peripheral nerves
Organs
Brain, brainstem, nerves, spinal cord
Cells
Glia and neurons
Sensory neurons
respond to external changes (i.e
Glial cells are "helper" cells
they support neurons but cannot receive or send messages themselves
Oligodendrocytes
Form the myelin segments on neural axons; keeps neurons in place
Schwann Cells
Each cell forms one myelin segment
Satellite cells
probably metabolic support, but newly discovered and still learning about
Tight junctions
capillaries in the brain are composed of a single layer of epithelial cells just like capillaries in the rest of the body, but their cell membranes overlap, forming a tighter junction through which it is more difficult for materials to pass
Astrocytes
these cells serve as "filters" through which materials must pass as they diffuse from blood to astrocyte to neuron
Exceptions
there are regions of the brain whose job it is to monitor the blood for toxins, hydration levels, sugar levels, etc
EEG: electroencephalogram Pros
Noninvasive, Cheap, Easily accessible
EEG: electroencephalogram Cons
Images are an average of activity, no specific targeting
PET: Positron emission tomography Pros
Detect and view real-time brain activity, High resolution
PET: Positron emission tomography Cons
Radiation exposure, Expensive
CT: computed tomography Pros
fast, relatively cheap, Good soft tissue imaging
CT: computed tomography Cons
X-ray exposure, Can't see specific brain activity
MRI: magnetic resonance imaging Pros
Can see brain activity, no radioactivity
MRI: magnetic resonance imaging Cons
Expensive, Takes a long time, Some are very uncomfortable
Tasks of the nervous system
Conduct messages between the brain and the body
Generate sensation
Create motion in the muscles
Regulate autonomic functions
Heart and breathing
Digestion
Menstrual cycle
Note
Flashcard