GoPro unit 3 Flashcard Set

Selective Incorporation

The process by which the Supreme Court has applied the Bill of Rights to the states on a case-by-case basis through the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment.

Due Process Clause

Prohibits states from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

Equal Protection Clause

Prohibits states from denying any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Strict Scrutiny

A standard used by the Supreme Court for laws involving suspect classifications or fundamental rights, requiring a compelling state interest.

Intermediate Scrutiny

A standard used for laws involving quasi-suspect classifications, requiring the government to show a substantial relationship to an important government objective.

Rational Basis Test

A standard for general economic or social classifications, requiring challengers to prove a lack of rational link to a legitimate government interest.

Establishment Clause

The government cannot establish a national religion, as established in cases like Engel v. Vitale.

Free Exercise Clause

The government cannot prohibit the practice of religion, as protected in cases like Wisconsin v. Yoder.

Symbolic Speech

Nonverbal communication that is protected under the First Amendment.

Clear and Present Danger

The principle that speech can be restricted if it creates an immediate threat.

Prior Restraint

Government efforts to prevent publication, which are rarely legal.

Miranda Rights

Rights that must be read to individuals upon arrest, protecting against self-incrimination.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation that outlawed discrimination in public accommodations and employment based on various characteristics.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Legislation that outlawed literacy tests and provided federal oversight in jurisdictions with voter suppression histories.

Title IX (1972)

Legislation that prohibits sex-based discrimination in education programs receiving federal financial assistance.

Iron Triangle

A relationship between bureaucratic agencies, congressional committees, and interest groups that influences policy making.

Issue Networks

Larger and more fluid webs of individuals and groups advocating for policy changes, which are more diverse and temporary than Iron Triangles.