Purposive Communication

To Share

Communicate means

Communication

A dynamic, ongoing process that is always changing and lacks clear boundaries for when it begins or ends. Past interactions influence present communication, which in turn shapes future exchanges.

Schramm

A tool that makes societies possible and distinguishes human from other societies

 Berelson & Steiner

The process of transmitting ideas, information, and attitudes from the source to the receiver for the purpose of influencing with intent

Rollo May

“Communication leads to community, that is, to understanding, intimacy, and mutual valuing”

Communication is Systematic

A complex process and it takes place within a set of systems

Communication is Systematic

The social setting we find ourselves in is a system

Communication is Systematic

The immediate physical environment is also a system

Communication is Systematic

Each of these systems influences or affects communication as they influence one another as well.

Communication is Systematic

Speech Style (setting/place,etc..) = systems

 Communication involves Communicators

• Not just a speaker and a listener.

• They must simultaneously and continuously send and receive messages

• Even a passive listener sends messages through credibility for them to believe you

Communication is Irreversible

• Have no way but to go forward from one moment to the next, from a present state to a future one

• Thoughts and ideas, once transferred, may not be reversed

• Personality of Communicators

• Time of the Day

• Relationship between communicators

• Environment

• History of Communication

• Feelings of Communicator

• Perception of self

• Language used in Communication

Factors that Affect the Process of Communication

Communication is Proactive

• The audience is an active constructor of meaning, evaluating content and purpose of the message and the credibility of the speaker.

• Audience are evaluators of how you speak or deliver and if you have

 Communication is Symbolic

Symbols are representations used to communicate and interpret one’s thoughts and feelings. The meaning of symbols is shared by two communicators to understand each other

Meaning in Communication is Individually Construed

People give their own meaning to phenomenon using their background knowledge, previous experiences, principles, or attitudes

Sender

Generates the message and conveys it to the receiver.

Sender

Source and the one who starts the communication

Ethics

Ethos

Pity

Pathos

Logic

Logos

Ethos

Establishing personal credentials

Getting your audience to TRUST YOU

Pathos

Inspiring an emotional response

Getting your audience to FEEL

Relevance of your message

Logos

Arguing based on reason and fact

Getting your audience to THINK

 Encoding

• Process of thinking about how to communicate

• Ideas and thoughts are being processed to construct or transform them into a symbolic form that is meant to be understood and delivered

• This involves choosing words, symbols, gestures, or other means to represent the intended message in a way that can be understood by the receiver

 Message

• Generated

• The idea, information, view, fact that is generated by the sender and is then intended to be communicated further

Medium

• Refers to the channel or method through which a message is transmitted

• The vehicle that carries the encoded message to its destination

• The choice of medium can significantly impact the effectiveness of communication

• E.g., Digital Communication, Broadcast Media, Oral or Written, Non-verbal

 Receiver

• The last in the chain, for whom the message was sent by the sender

• The destination

• Once the receiver receives the message and UNDERSTANDS it in proper perspective and acts according to the message, only then is the purpose of communication successful

Decoding

• Act of interpreting or making sense of the received message

• Reply to understand

• Translating the symbols, words, or gestures into meaningful information

• Depends on the receiver’s familiarity with the language

 Feedback

• Response or reaction of the receiver to the sender’s message

• Indicates whether the message has been understood as intended and allows the sender to gauge the effectiveness of their communication

A crucial component of the communication loop, as it helps to confirm or clarify the message, ensuring mutual understanding

Noise

Any obstruction that is caused by the sender, message, or receiver during the process

• External (environment)

• Physiological (well-being)

• Psychological (personal attitude/perspective)

• Semantic (construction of message)

Types of Noise

Clarity

• Ensuring that your message is easy to understand.

• Use straightforward language and be specific on your intentions or instructions

Cohesiveness

• Refers to how well all parts of your communication fit together.

• Logically organized and sticks to a central theme or purpose, ensuring that all information is relevant.

Completeness

Means providing all necessary information so the recipient fully understand the message and can act on it without needing further clarification

Conciseness

Involves conveying your message in as few words as possible without losing the essential meaning. It helps prevent infomation overload and keeps the recipient focused on what’s important

Concreteness

• Means ensuring that your communication is specific, detailed and vivid.

• Leave little room for misinterpretation because they are based on facts and precise descriptions

Communicative competence

Refers to the ability to use language to communicate successfully in various authentic situations

• Grammatical Competence

• Socio-Linguistic Competence

• Strategic Competence

• Discourse Competence

Michael Canale and Merill Swain (1980)

Grammatical Competence

Also called LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE

Grammatical Competence

Refers to someone’s knowledge of a particular language’s rules of grammar

• Morphology

• Syntax

• Semantics

• Phonology

Grammatical Competence

Sociolinguistic Competence

The ability to produce and interpret an utterance that is appropriate under a sociocultural context

Discourse Competence

Refers to one's knowledge and mastery of the rules and conventions regarding to how one could combine speech styles

Discourse Competence

• Narrative

• Descriptive, Argumentative

• Persuasive

• Procedure

Strategic Competence

Ability to use verbal and nonverbal communicative strategies in fillin in language gaps (communication breakdowns)

• Gestures

• Volume of Voice

• Phrasing

• Repeating

• Code-switching

Strategic Competence

• Criteria in Assessing Communicative Competence

• Appropriateness

• Effectiveness

Spitzberg (2023)

Criteria in Assessing Communicative Competence

Effectiveness

• Achieve purpose/Function of Speech

• Generate Accurate inferences

• Understand the intention of the Speaker

• Consider possible connotations of speech

Criteria in Assessing Communicative Competence

Appropriateness

• Tact and politeness

• Avoiding social or interpersonal norms, rules, and expectations

• Choosing the most appropriate response based on the context of the speech

• Expository/informative

• Persuasive

• Entertainment

Types of Speeches according to Purpose

• Impromptu (no preparation)

• Stalling technique

• Extemporaneous (Little preparation)

• Manuscript (enough preparation)

• Memorized (enough preparation)

Types of Speeches according to Delivery

Choosing Your Topic

In choosing a topic, the speaker and audience’s interests must be considered. The interest will manifest in his research and delivery

Identify your Purpose

Why do u want to deliver a speech about this topic

• Audience’s interest or purpose

• Demographics

• Age

• Gender 

• Culture

Analyze the audiences

 Researching

This refers to gathering information to be included in the speech from various sources (internet, library, interview, personal observation, survey research)

Outlining and Organizing Content

A speech must have a basic structure and follow a logical order to avoid confusing the audience with information. The structure should clearly illustrate how the ideas are connected to each other and how they support 

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one’s culture is better than others

Stereotyping 

Mental categorization or generalization, often inaccurate representation of a particular group

Prejudice

Positive or negative feeling or attitude held towards individuals belonging to a particular race, social class, religion and sexual identity.

Xenophobia

is a fear or dislike of people from other countries. It can lead to discrimination and even violence.

Discrimination

Refers to the negative behavior that are caused by prejudice

• Harassment

• Wage discrimination

• Discrimination in housing

Discrimination

Intercultural Competence

The ability to interact effectively with members belonging to another culture

Cultural knowledge

One’s awareness and understanding of another culture’s rules, traditions and behavior.

Communication Skill

Involves the ability to listen, observe and comprehend verbal and nonverbal symbols used in communication

Motivation

Refers to the desire to communicate and understand the culture of other

Sensivity

Is characterized by being open to other cultures, demonstrating empathy having the ability to adapt to certain situations

Character

Evaluated through trustworthiness, respect, honor, among others

Communication is a Process

Communication is a dynamic, ongoing process that is always changing and lacks clear boundaries for when it begins or ends