Cell communication

Electronegativity

Electronegativity

Out of the given factors, which one does not affect the 3D shape of proteins?
pH, Temperature, Electronegativity, Salinity

Cholesterol

The backbone of steroids is composed of?

receptors

_________ must be either inside the cell or along cell membranes for cells to be able to “talk” to one another

Hormones

________ work on target cells or tissues and are one way for a body system to communicate to affect change.

2

How many type of hormones are there? (that we have learned)

Steroid

Which type of hormone is most likely to cross the cell membrane? (steroid or protein)

Steroid

_______ hormones are based on cholesterol with different functional groups added.

non-polar

Are steroid hormones polar or non-polar?

cytoplasm

Steroids cross the cell membrane and bind to their receptors in the _________.

Protein synthesis

After steroids bind to receptors, they enter the nucleus and affect _______ _________.

Protein

_______ hormones are polymers of amino acids

polar

Are protein hormones polar or non-polar?

cell membrane

Protein hormones bind to their receptors on the ____ _________.

G-protein

When a protein hormone binds to its receptor, a _________ is activated

Adenylate Cyclase

The G-protein is activated and that interacts with an enzyme called?

cAMP

Adenylate cyclase will reduce ATP to ____.

secondary messenger

cAMP acts as a _________ _________ that affects the changes inside the cell

Tyrosine-kinase

what kind of receptor gets a signal and produce “dimer”

PO4

Part of signal reception

The protein pulls ___ off ATP and adds it to tyrosine’s on “tail” portion that activates them.

Tyrosine

Part of signal reception

After ________ is activated, the message is now relayed to nearby proteins that continue the signaling chain-reaction.

Phosphorylation cascade

What is this called?
Each protein activates the next by phosphorylating it and the last step involves activating proteins to cause cellular response.

Steroid

steroid or protein hormone?

Exert effect directly

protein

steroid or protein hormone?

cause effect via a second messenger

cAMP

In hormone cascade, which molecule acts as the secondary messenger?

Protein

Hormone cascades happen with _______ hormones

Local

For local vs long distance signaling:

What are these signals a part of?
neurotransmitters and direct contact

Neurotransmitters

_________________ are released from neurons as a local regulator

s

empty (press s)

Hormones

________ affects distant cells and is used for long distance signaling

Endocrine signaling

The process of chemicals released into blood and carried throughout the body.
part of long distance signaling

Peptide

When comparing Peptide hormones to Protein hormones, which hormone are short chains of linked amino acids?