Lesson 3: Poetry, Prose, & Analects

Poetry

First to be developed and the best literary works have been written in this form

Poetry

It uses rhyme, meter, exalted and figurative language, and has melody, harmony, and balance.

Narrative Poetry

story-telling poetry

Lyric Poetry

derives its name from the musical instrumental lyre, played by wandering minstrels, and is primarily intended to be sung.

Dramatic Poetry

poetic form used to set forth life and characters by means of speech and action.

Epic

long narrative poem set against the distant past relating the exploits of a semi-legendary hero

Metrical Romance

long rambling story in verse characteristic of the Middle Ages.

Ballad

story-telling verse meant to be sung

The Iliad & The Odyssey

Example of an Epic

King Arthur and Knights of the Round Table

Example of a Metrical Romance

Folk

A type of ballad where songs of the unlettered fold

Literary

A type of ballad where songs were written by literary people

Get Up and Bar the Door

Example of a Folk

La Belle Dame Sans Merci

Example of a Literary

Metrical Tale

It is to poetry while the short story is to prose.

Canterbury Tales

Example of a Metrical Tale

Ode

Lyric Poetry

most majestic lyric type and expresses enthusiasm, lofty praise, or homage for a person, thing or object.

Elegy

voices the author’s personal grief for a loved one, or loss affecting the public or simply a meditation about death.

Sonnet

distinguished by its fourteen (14) iambic pentameter lines

Italian sonnet

made up of two sections, grouped by different rhyming sounds.

Octave

The first 8 lines is called the _______ and has the rhyme scheme: a b b a a b b a

Sestet

The last 6 lines are known as the ______  and can have two or three rhyming sounds which can be arranged in a number of ways.

Volta, Turn

In the italian sonnet, the change occurs with the beginning of the line 9 is called the ____ or the ____

3 Quatrains

The english sonnet consists of ________ of alternating rhyme scheme and closes with a rhyming couplet (2) a b a b/ c d c d/ e f e f / g g

Songs

are short poems meant to be sung, which are either secular, sacred, anthems, oratories or hymns

Simple Lyric

lyrical poems that do not belong to the other types of lyric.

Masque

is related more to the opera than to drama characterized by a splendid setting, elaborate costumes, make-up, music and tableaux.

Dramatic Monologue

has only one speaker and is adopted for a small and non-regular productions.

Comedy

protagonist succeeds over the travails of his plight

Tragedy

protagonist emeas the loser in the end

Dramatic History, Farce and Melodrama

exaggerated, excessive and plot situations are more important than the plot

Prose

Uses ordinary and personal language, sentences, and paragraphs and is more direct and intimate to the reader.

Modern Drama

three act and one-act plays

Essay

presents in prose form the author’s thoughts, feelings and observations on some phases of life that are of interest.

Prose Fiction

prose narratives that employ creativity and imagination

Prose Allegory

long implied comparison between unlike things. Characters are more symbols than personages.

Prose Romance

metrical romance in prose form.

Novel

a three-element prose narrative

Novelette

a short novel with a simpler plot and fewer characters.

Short Story

one unit of place, time and action prose.

Biography and Autobiography

fictionalized story of human life as it presents the highlights and struggles.

Letters, Diaries, and Journals

Life accounts as they are lived from day to day, separated by dates.

Literary Movements

Romanticism → Realism → Naturalism

Romanticism

• Life portrayed as good

• The absent is more revered than the present

• Nostalgia and reminiscences are common themes

  • The hero is a perfect knight in shining armor-debonair, intelligent, ideal.

Metaphors

make comparisons between two unrelated subjects, expand the sense and clarify meaning.

Direct Metaphor

comparing two unlike objects or ideas. Ex. My love is a rose. Ex. My love is a rose.

Indirect Metaphor

is an indirect comparison between two unlike things
Ex. My love has a rosy bloom

Simile

a comparison using like or as. Ex. “Life is like a box of chocolates”

Personification

giving human qualities to an inanimate object. Ex. “The moon smiled down on the lovers.”

Rhyme Scheme

the pattern in which end rhyme occurs.

Alliteration

repetition of the initial consonant sound. Ex. She sells seashells at the seashore

Onomatopoeia

a word whose sound imitates its meaning.

Ex. The bee buzzed by my ear, The clock ticked down the final hour, The engine purred while awaiting the green light.

Stanza

a unit of lines grouped together, similar to a paragraph in prose

Couplet

two line stanza

Triplet

three line stanza

Quatrain

four line stanza

Quintet

five line stanza

Sestet

six line stanza

Septet

seven line stanza

Octave

eight line stanza

Mood

feeling a poem creates for the reader

Tone

attitude a poet takes toward his/her subject

Imagery

representation of the five senses: sight, taste, touch, sound, and smell. It creates mental images about a poem’s subject

Symbol

a word or object that has its own meaning and represents another word, object or idea.

Assonance

the repetition of a vowel sound in two or more words in the line of a poem

Consonance

similar to alliteration EXCEPT that the repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words.

Refrain

repetition of one or more phrases or lines at certain intervals, usually at the end of each stanza, similar to the chorus in a song

Repetition

a word or phrase repeated within a line or stanza

Poet

author of the poem

Speaker

narrator of the poem

Form

appearance of the words on the page

Line

a group of words together on one line of the poem

Stanza

group of lines arranged together

Free Verse Poetry

does not have rhyme. It is very conversational - sounds like someone talking with you. It is a more modern type of poetry.

Blank Verse Poetry

written in lines of iambic pentameter, but does NOT use end rhyme.

Rhyme

words sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds.

End Rhyme

a word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line

Internal Rhyme

word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line.

Near Rhyme

a.k.a imperfect rhyme, close rhyme; the words share EITHER the same vowel or consonant sound but not both.

Haiku

Japanese poem written in three lines

Cinquain

five line poem containing 22 syllables

Concrete Poems

The words are arranged to create a picture that relates to the content of the poem

Hyperbole

exaggeration often used for emphasis

Litotes

opposite of hyperbole. Often it is ironic

Idiom

an expression where the literal meaning of the words is not the meaning of the expression. It means something other than what it actually says.

Story Grammar

Setting

Characters

Plot

Climax

Theme

Resolution

Denouement

Function of a Setting

To create a mood or atmosphere

To sow a reader a different way of life

To make action seem more real

To be the source of conflict or struggle

To symbolize an idea

Types of Characters

People or animals

Major characters

Minor characters

Round characters

Flat characters

Characterization

a writer reveals what a character is like and how the character changes throughout the story.

Direct

writer tells what the character is like

Indirect

writer shows what a character is like by describing what the character looks like, by telling what the character says and does, and by what other characters say about and do in response to the character

Factors in Analyzing Characters

1. Physical Appearance of Character 

2. Personality 

3. Background/Personal History 

4. Motivation

5. Relationships 

6. Conflict 

7. Does Character Change

Plot

what happens and how it happens in a narrative

Narrative

A ______ is any work that tells a story, such as a short story, a novel, a drama, or a narrative poem.

Inciting Incident

event that gives rise to conflict (opening situation)

Development

events that occur as result of central conflict (rising action)

Climax

highest point of interest or suspense of story

Denouement

when characters go back to their life before the conflict

Resolution

when conflict ends.

Allegory

narrative or visual representation in which a character, place, or event can be interpreted to represent a hidden meaning with moral or political significance, authors have used allegory throughout history in all forms of art to illustrate or convey complex ideas and concepts in ways that are comprehensible or striking to its viewers, readers, or listeners