Unit 2 History 1302

Militarism

the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

Triple Alliance

A military alliance formed in 1882 among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, aimed at mutual support in case of conflict.

Triple Entente

The alliance formed in 1907 between France, Russia, and the United Kingdom to counterbalance the power of the Triple Alliance during World War I.

Imperialism

A policy or ideology where a country extends its power and influence through diplomacy or military force, often by acquiring territory or resources.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation, often placing it above those of other nations, and promoting national unity and pride.

Trench Warfare

A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other, characterized by a lack of movement and significant defensive advantages.

Wilson’s 14 Points

A statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations to end World War I, proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria whose assassination in 1914 sparked the beginning of World War I.

Central Powers

The coalition of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during World War I, opposing the Allies.

The Allies

The coalition of nations, including France, Russia, the United Kingdom, Italy, and later the United States, that opposed the Central Powers during World War I.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States, leading to the era known as Prohibition.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote in the United States, ratified in 1920.

Neutrality

The state of not supporting or helping either side in a conflict or disagreement, particularly in a war.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A type of naval warfare in which submarines attack merchant and passenger ships without warning, often leading to significant loss of civilian lives; notably used by Germany during World War I.

Lusitania

A British ocean liner carrying Americans that was sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, leading to the death of 1,198 passengers and influencing the United States' decision to enter World War I.

Pancho Villa

A Mexican revolutionary general and folk hero who became famous for his leadership in the Mexican Revolution in the early 20th century, known for his charismatic personality and raids into the United States.

Zimmerman Telegraph

A secret diplomatic communication sent by Germany to Mexico in January 1917, proposing a military alliance against the United States, which if successful, would help Mexico regain territories lost in the U.S.-Mexican War.

Bolshevik Revolution

The 1917 revolution in Russia that led to the overthrow of the provisional government and the establishment of a communist regime, led by the Bolshevik Party under Vladimir Lenin.

John J. Pershing

A senior United States Army officer who led the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I, known for his aggressive tactics and for ensuring that American forces fought independently from European allies.

Warren G. Harding

The 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death in 1923, known for his pro-business policies and the Teapot Dome scandal.

Espionage Act 1917

A law enacted in the United States during World War I that criminalized a range of acts including interference with military operations, support for U.S. enemies during wartime, and the promotion of insubordination in the armed forces. The Act also allowed for the prosecution of individuals who made false statements with the intent to deceive or hinder the military. It was used to suppress dissent against the war and has been criticized for limiting free speech and press rights.

The Birth of a Nation

A 1915 silent film directed by D.W. Griffith, notable for its innovative technical and narrative techniques but criticized for its racist portrayal of African Americans and its glorification of the Ku Klux Klan.

The Great Migration

The movement of over six million African Americans from the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West from 1916 to 1970, driven by the search for better job opportunities and escape from racial discrimination.

Charlie Chaplin

An early film icon

Margaret Sanger

An American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse, known for popularizing the use of contraceptives and founding what would become Planned Parenthood.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended World War I, signed in 1919, which imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany, aimed at preventing future conflicts.

League of Nations

An intergovernmental organization founded after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among countries, aimed at preventing future conflicts, but ultimately failed to prevent World War II.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian immigrants and anarchists who were controversially tried and executed for murder in the 1920s, symbolizing the Red Scare and the anti-immigrant sentiment in the United States.

Marcus Garvey

Believed in racial separatism and black nationalism

Bootleggers

Individuals who illegally produced or distributed alcoholic beverages, particularly during Prohibition in the United States (1920-1933).

Al Capone

An infamous American gangster known for his involvement in organized crime during the Prohibition era, particularly in Chicago, where he built a large criminal empire and became synonymous with bootlegging and racketeering.

5 Power Treaty

A naval agreement made in 1922 among the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France, and Italy to limit naval armaments and prevent an arms race following World War I.

Radio (Roaring Twenties)

A revolutionary communication medium in the 1920s, the radio allowed for the widespread dissemination of news, entertainment, and music, significantly influencing popular culture and societal trends during the decade.

Red Scare

A period of intense fear of communism and radical leftism in the United States, particularly following World War I and during the early Cold War, characterized by widespread anti-communist sentiment and the persecution of alleged communists.

Albert Fall

United States Secretary of the Interior from 1921 to 1923, known for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal, which was one of the biggest political scandals in U.S. history involving the illegal leasing of federal oil reserves.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A major political scandal in the early 1920s involving the secret leasing of federal oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, by Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall to private oil companies in exchange for kickbacks, leading to widespread public outrage and a significant governmental investigation.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural, social, and artistic movement that emerged in the 1920s, centered in Harlem, New York, characterized by a flourishing of African American art, literature, music, and intellectual thought, promoting racial pride and cultural expression.

Louis Armstrong

An influential American jazz trumpet player, composer, and vocalist, known for his distinctive voice and innovative contributions to jazz music, particularly in the 1920s.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

An American novelist and short story writer, famous for his novel 'The Great Gatsby,' which explores themes of wealth, excess, and the American Dream during the Jazz Age.

Scopes Trial

A 1925 legal case in which high school teacher John T. Scopes was tried for violating Tennessee's Butler Act by teaching evolution, challenging the legality of anti-evolution laws and highlighting the conflict between science and religion.

George Herman “Babe” Ruth

An iconic American baseball player known as one of the greatest sluggers in the history of Major League Baseball, playing for the Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees during the early 20th century.

Charles Lindbergh

An American aviator famous for making the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight in 1927, flying from New York to Paris in the Spirit of St. Louis, which made him an international hero.

Herbert Hoover

The 31st President of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933, known for his humanitarian efforts during World War I and his administration's response to the Great Depression.

Stock Market Crash of 1929

A major stock market crash that occurred in late October 1929, leading to a significant decline in stock prices and playing a key role in the onset of the Great Depression.

Black Thursday

October 24, 1929, the day when stock prices plummeted sharply, leading to widespread panic selling and marking the beginning of the Stock Market Crash that ultimately initiated the Great Depression.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns built by homeless people during the Great Depression, named after President Herbert Hoover, who was blamed for the economic crisis.

Good Neighbor Policy

A foreign policy initiative introduced by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s aimed at improving relations with Latin American countries through mutual respect and economic cooperation, rejecting military intervention.

Brain Trust

A group of academic experts and advisors who assisted Franklin D. Roosevelt in developing policy strategies during his presidency, particularly in response to the Great Depression.

FDR

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, served from 1933 to 1945 and is known for leading the nation during the Great Depression and World War II, implementing the New Deal to address economic recovery.

Bonus Army

A group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C. in 1932 to demand early payment of a bonus promised to them for their military service, ultimately leading to a contentious confrontation with the U.S. government.

Scottsboro Boys

A group of nine African American teenagers falsely accused of raping two white women in Alabama in 1931, leading to a series of controversial trials that highlighted racial injustices in the American legal system.

20th Amendment

The 20th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1933, establishes the dates for the beginning and ending of the terms of elected federal offices, including the President and Vice President, and addresses issues related to presidential succession.

Margin Trading

A practice in which an investor borrows funds from a broker to trade financial assets, allowing them to buy more than they could with just their own capital, but also increasing the risk of losses.

Government Securities

Debt instruments issued by the government to finance its expenditures, often used as a safe investment during economic downturns; during the Great Depression, these securities were part of financial reforms aimed at stabilizing the economy and restoring trust in financial markets.

Insider Trading

The illegal practice of trading on the stock exchange to one's own advantage through having access to confidential information.

Distribution of Income during the Great Depression

During the Great Depression, income distribution was heavily skewed, with a significant gap between the wealthy and the poor. Many Americans faced unemployment and poverty, while a small percentage maintained or increased their wealth, exacerbating economic inequality.

Agricultural Subsidies

The government payed farmers to produce less, solving the problem of agricultural overproduction.

German Reparations

Payments imposed on Germany after World War I as part of the Treaty of Versailles, intended to compensate the Allies for the damages caused during the war.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

A 1930 U.S. law that raised tariffs on imported goods to record levels, intended to protect American industry but ultimately contributed to a decline in international trade and worsened the Great Depression.

Bank Failures

During the Great Depression, thousands of banks failed due to large scale withdrawals and bad loans, resulting in the loss of savings for many Americans and exacerbating the economic crisis.

Presidents Organization of Unemployment Relief

A voluntary organization created during the Great Depression to coordinate relief efforts and provide assistance to the unemployed, aimed at alleviating hardships resulting from the economic crisis. However, POUR was largely unsuccessful in improving conditions due to limited funding, reliance on local governments which could not meet the overwhelming need, and lack of a central federal authority to effectively implement widespread relief efforts. As a result, millions of unemployed Americans continued to suffer without adequate support.

Stimson Doctrine

A U.S. policy articulated in 1932, stating that the United States would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria, reflecting a commitment to uphold international law and the principle of sovereignty.

Fireside Chats

Radio addresses delivered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression, where he communicated directly with the American people to explain his policies and reassure the public.

New Deal

The New Deal was a series of programs and policies implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression aimed at economic recovery, providing relief to the unemployed, and reforming the financial system.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

A public work relief program established by FDR during the Great Depression to provide jobs for young men in environmental conservation projects.

Harry Hopkins

A key advisor and administrator under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, known for his role in the New Deal and as one of the architects of the relief programs during the Great Depression.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

A New Deal program established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to provide direct relief for the unemployed and funding for state relief programs.

Civil Works Administration

A New Deal program established in 1933 to create jobs during the Great Depression, providing work on public projects such as construction and infrastructure.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A New Deal program created in 1933 aimed at improving the economic conditions in the Tennessee Valley through the construction of dams for flood control, electricity generation, and economic development.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

A 1933 U.S. law aimed at boosting agricultural prices by reducing surpluses, which involved paying farmers to cut production and destroy crops and livestock.

Dust Bowl

A period during the 1930s characterized by severe drought and poor agricultural practices in the Great Plains, leading to massive dust storms, crop failures, and displacement of farming communities.

Southern Tenant Farmers Union

A labor organization founded in 1934 during the Great Depression, representing the interests of sharecroppers and tenant farmers in the South, advocating for better economic conditions, fair wages, and labor rights.

National Recovery Act

A law enacted in 1933 as part of the New Deal, aimed at stimulating economic recovery during the Great Depression by establishing fair competition, setting minimum wages, and improving labor conditions.

Fair Labor Standards Act

A U.S. law enacted in 1938 that set standards for minimum wage, overtime pay, and youth employment, aimed at protecting workers from unfair labor practices.

Security Exchange Commission

A U.S. government agency created in 1934 to regulate the securities industry, to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

A U.S. government agency created in 1933 to provide deposit insurance to depositors in U.S. commercial banks and savings institutions, aimed at maintaining public confidence in the financial system by protecting depositors from bank failures.

21st Amendment

The amendment to the United States Constitution ratified in 1933 that repealed the 18th Amendment, effectively ending the prohibition of alcohol and allowing for its manufacture, sale, and transportation.

Huey P. Long

An influential American politician from Louisiana who served as governor and U.S. senator, known for his populist policies and the Share Our Wealth program during the Great Depression, advocating for wealth redistribution.

Second New Deal

A series of programs and policies initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935 to address the socioeconomic issues of the Great Depression, building on the original New Deal by emphasizing social welfare and labor rights, including the Social Security Act and the Wagner Act.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

A New Deal agency established in 1935 that provided jobs for millions of Americans during the Great Depression through public works projects, including construction of roads, schools, and other infrastructure.

Social Security Act 1935

A U.S. law enacted in 1935 that established a system of old-age benefits, unemployment insurance, and assistance for the elderly, disabled, and dependent children, aimed at providing economic security.

Court Packing

A political strategy employed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s to increase the number of U.S. Supreme Court justices from nine to fifteen, aimed at obtaining favorable rulings for his New Deal policies by appointing justices sympathetic to his agenda.

Neutrality Act

A series of laws passed in the 1930s aimed at preventing the United States from becoming involved in foreign conflicts by restricting arms sales and loans to belligerent nations.

Eleanor Roosevelt

An American political figure, diplomat, and activist, and the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945, known for her advocacy of civil rights, women's issues, and humanitarian efforts.

The Grapes of Wrath

A novel written by John Steinbeck, published in 1939, that follows the struggles of the Joad family during the Great Depression as they migrate from Oklahoma to California seeking better opportunities.

Orson Welles War of the Worlds

A famous 1938 radio broadcast by Orson Welles that dramatized H.G. Wells' novel about an alien invasion, which caused widespread panic among listeners who believed it was a real news report.

Jesse Owens

An African American track and field athlete who gained international fame at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, where he won four gold medals, challenging Nazi propaganda about Aryan supremacy.

Adolf Hitler

A German politician and leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party), who became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 and Führer in 1934, known for initiating World War II and orchestrating the Holocaust.

Fascism

A far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.

Benito Mussolini

An Italian politician and leader of the National Fascist Party, who became Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and ruled as a dictator, known for his totalitarian regime and close alliance with Nazi Germany during World War II.

Munich Conference

A 1938 meeting between Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy aimed at appeasing Adolf Hitler by allowing Nazi Germany to annex the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, which ultimately failed to prevent World War II.

Non-aggression Pact

An agreement between two or more countries to avoid war and resolve disputes through negotiation, exemplified by the 1939 pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, which divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence.

Blitzkrieg

A military tactic used by Nazi Germany in World War II characterized by swift, sudden attacks, utilizing coordinated air and ground forces to quickly overwhelm enemy defenses.

Dunkirk

A significant military evacuation during World War II in 1940, where Allied forces were rescued from the beaches of Dunkirk, France, under heavy German fire.

Battle of Britain

A major campaign during World War II in 1940, where the Royal Air Force defended the United Kingdom against large-scale attacks by Nazi Germany's air force (Luftwaffe), marking the first significant defeat of Hitler's military forces.

Edward R. Murrow

An influential American broadcast journalist known for his reporting during World War II and his role in the development of television news, notably for exposing McCarthyism.

Lend Lease

A U.S. policy introduced during World War II allowing the government to supply allied nations with war materials and supplies, on a lend-lease basis, to assist them in the fight against Axis powers.

Greater East Asia Co Prosperity Sphere

A concept and propaganda promoted by Japan during World War II, suggesting that Japan would lead Asian countries towards economic prosperity and political unity, but primarily aimed at justifying Japanese imperial expansion.

Tripartite Act

A military agreement signed in 1940 among Germany, Italy, and Japan, establishing a military alliance that aimed to support each other in the event of an attack by a nation not already involved in World War II.

Yamamoto

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto was the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, known for orchestrating the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.