NCEA Level 3 - Chemistry - Organic

Alkane functional group

-C-C-

Alkene functional group

-C=C-

Alcohol functional group

-OH

Haloalkane functional group

-CX

Carboxylic acid functional group

-COOH

Acid Chloride functional group

-COCl

Ester functional group

-COOC-

Aldehyde functional group

-CHO

Ketone functional group

-C(=O)-C-

Amide functional group

-C(=O)-NH2

Amine functional group

-C-NH2

Alkene - Adding hydrogen gas

Produces an alkane

Alkene - Adding a halide

Forms diXalkane (eg with bromine, dibromoalkane)

Alkene - adding water, H2SO4, catalyst, pressure

Produces an alcohol

Alkene - Adding hydrogen halide

Forms haloalkane

Alkene - Addition polymerisation

Adding many molecules together, forming long chain

Markovnikov's rule

In Addition reactions Hydrogen atom being added go to carbon atom with the most hydrogens

(The rich get richer)

Optical Isomers...

Rotate the plane of polarised light in different directions

Alcohol - Combustion in oxygen

Small chain molecules burn more cleanly than similar alkanes

Alcohol - oxidation (Primary)

Produce aldehydes (w. Cr2O7-/H+ or MnO4-/H+), then oxidise further to produce carboxylic acid (usually mixture of both)

Alcohol - Oxidation (Secondary)

Produce ketones

Alcohol - Oxidation (Tertiary)

Do not oxidise

Alcohol - Chloronation

Produces chloroalkane using HCl/ZnCl2, PCl3, PCl5 or SOCl2)

Lucas test

Add ZnCl2 in conc HCl to alcohol, 1' leads to no cloudiness, 2' leads to cloudiness after 5-15 mins, 3' leads to cloudiness after 1-2 mins.

Haloalkane - substitution with aqueous OH-

Forms alcohol and halide ion

Haloalkane - substitution with NH3, dissolved in alcohol at high pressure

Forms an amine

Haloalkane - elimination

Forms alkene (KOH in ethanol needed to prevent OH substitution)

Amine - adding water

Takes proton (H), forms ion

Amine - Forming a salt

React with (mineral) acid to form a salt

Amine - Complex ions

Aminomethane and aminoethane form complex ions with copper ions

Amine - with Haloalkanes

Amines act as nucleophiles and substitute with the halogen to form a secondary amine

Aldehyde → alcohol

Sodium borohydride, NaBH4

Ketone → alcohol

Sodium borohydride, NaBH4

Carboxylic acid - with Alcohol ( catalysed by conc. Sulfuric acid) refluxing

Forms an ester (esterification)

Ester Hydrolysis (dilute acid conditions)

Reforms into carboxylic acid and alcohol

Ester Hydrolysis (basic conditions)

Forms carboxylate ion/salt and alcohol

Heating a carboxylate salt

Forms amide and water

Reacting an ester with conc. Ammonia

Forms amide and alcohol

Reacting an acid chloride with conc. Ammonia

Forms amide and ammonium chloride

Hydrolysis of amides (acidic conditions)

Produces carboxylic acid and ammonium ions

Hydrolysis of amides (basic conditions)

Produces carboxylate ion and ammonia

Acid Chloride + water

Forms carboxylic acid and HCl

Acid Chloride + ammonia

Forms amide and HCl (which reacts with ammonia to form ammonium chloride)

Acid Chloride + primary amines

Forms secondary amides

Acid Chloride + alcohol

Forms an ester an HCl

Addition polymerisation

When monomer molecule contains double bond that's broken to add another

Condensation polymerisation

Eliminates small molecules so monomers can join

Polyesters are formed from monomers containing...

Carboxylic acid and alcohol groups

Naturally forming polyamide (proteins)

Form when

Amino acids join (amine end to carboxylic acid end)

Artificially forming polyamides are produced from...

Diamines and dicarboxylic acids