COMM 2: Spanish Colonization

1565-1898

How long was the Spanish Colonial period?

Strict Government Control, Heavy censorship

Characterization of the Spanish Colonial Period

Loss of Ideological control and Spread of Revolution

Print media alarmed authorities due to these

Church and State

Controlling body of publications

Strict Oversight of publications

Because print media was alarming authorities, the church and state

Del Superior Gobierno

First newspaper in the Philippines

Spanish Governor General

Editor of Del Superior Gobierno

Local Spanish Elites

Audience of Del Superior Gobierno

Spain News, Ignoring major local events

Contents of Del Superior Gobierno

Tool of Colonial administration

Function of Del Superior Gobierno

Literary, Satire and Sarcasm, Foreign Events

Editorial content of Early Colonial Press

Newspapers avoided political topics

Done to avoid censorship

La Esperanza

A censored publication that focused on religion, science, and history

Diario de Manila

A censored publication that was considered one of the best-edited newspapers, but was later accused of inciting rebellion

Rise of the Free Press

Emerged through Nationalistic newspapers

Europe and Philippines

Where was nationalistic newspapers published?

Educated Filipino Elite or Ilustrados

Writers of the free press newspapers

Ilustrados

Educated Filipino Elite

Raise consciousness, Expose oppression, Advocate peace

Purpose of the nationalistic newspapers

La Solidaridad

Fortnightly newspaper that was published in Spain

La Solidaridad

Official organ of the Propaganda Movement

Social and economic reforms, Liberalism, Democracy, Peace

La Solidaridad advocated these

Jose Rizal

Journalist and National hero

Jose Rizal

His writings triggered the Philippine Revolution

Marcelo H. del Pilar

Leading propagandist

Marcelo H. del Pilar

Used journalism to fight for political freedom

Graciano Lopez Jaena

Organizer of the Propaganda Movement

Graciano Lopez Jaena

Influential journalist in Europe

Antonio Luna

Journalist advocating reforms

Mariano Ponce

Ilustrado journalist and organizer

Juan Luna

Communicated Filipino identity through Art

Non-Violent Strategy, Expose Exploitation, Demand Independence

Use of Journalism

Media’s Political Power

Propaganda journalism demonstrated this

Andres Bonifacio

Founder of the Katipunan

Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa and Original Kartilya

Contributions of Andres Bonifacio

Kalayaan (Liberty)

Revolutionary newspaper of Andres

Andres Bonifacio

Made it so that Katipunan members grew from 300 to 30 000 (due to Kalayaan)

Revised the Kartilya

Emilio Jacinto

La Independencia

Mostly widely read revolutionary newspapers

La Independencia, La Libertad, El Heraldo de iloilo

Other revolutionary publications.

Expression and Weapon for Freedom

Media functioned as these during the era

Underground publications, Talinhaga, Performative media

Resistance used when media was surpressed.

Strong Nationalistic Journalism, Influenced future struggles for Philippine independence

Legacy of this era’s media