Abnormal Psych 3318 Test Ch. 5-7

Rooting Reflex

an instinct in which an infant begins sucking when their cheek/mouth is touched

Attachment

The quality of the relationship between and infant and parent/primary care giver

Strange situation scenario

Mary Ainsworth - mother and infant are taken into a room with toys, the infant is allowed to explore without the mother, and observers measure the infant’s reaction each time the mother leaves and returns to the room.

Secure Attachment 

The infant is engaging in active exploration, getting upset when the mother leaves, and showing positive emotions when the mother returns.

Avoidant Attachment

The infant shows more interest in the toys than the mother and shows less distress when the mother leaves and less positive emotion when she returns.

Anxious/ambivalent Attachment

The infant appears preoccupied with having access to the mother and shows protest on her separation. When she returns, the infant may show anger or ambivalence toward her.

Disorganized/controlling Attachment Pattern

When their parent is present, these infants show disorganized behavior patterns or disorientation. Children with this attachment style tend to have problems dealing with psychological stress and a tendency to develop dissociative disorders later in life.

Mirror Neurons

Neurons that fire not only when performing an action, but also when observing an action being performed. (Found in F5- premotor cortex)

Imitation learning

A brain system response that leads to a motor representation of the observed action - turning a visual image into a motor plan. 

Theory of mind

The ability to understand one’s own or another person’s mental state.

Delayed development of this is seen in autism.

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)

introduced in DSM III - a diagnosis offered when a child does not seek comfort or support from an attachment figure when distressed, which is the result of inadequate caregiving. 

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

A disorder in which the child is willing to accept strangers who are not attachment figures. This may include going off with strangers and being overly familiar. As with RAD, it is also required that the child was not well cared for. However, if the neglect begins after age 2, there is no evidence that this disorder will be manifested.

Conduct Disorder (CD)

A disorder diagnosed in children and adolescents who engage in aggressive and violent behaviors that actively violate the rights and safety of others.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A disorder in which children and adolescents show excessive and persistent anger, irritability, and defiance to authority. - 3.3% prevalence

PRIDE

Used in parent-child-interaction therapy (PCIT) for children showing oppositional behavioral patterns:

• Praise the child’s behavior

• Reflect the child’s statements

• Imitating & Describing the child’s play using Enthusiasm

Multi-systematic therapy

This approach seeks to involve the family and other agencies that the youth would be involved with, such as schools, youth agencies, probation offices, and other such facilities.

Problem-solving skills training (PSST)

A cognitive therapy designed to help the youth determine what they are supposed to do in a given situation.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

The new DSM-5 diagnosis for a neurodevelopmental disorder in which individuals have difficulty in three separate areas:

(1) social interactions

(2) communication

(3) behavioral processes

Initially described by Leo Kranner. Temple Grandin describes them as specialized thinkers and puts them into 3 categories:

1. Visual - views the world in terms of images

2. Pattern - recognizing patterns as in music or math

3. Facts - knowledge of a lot of facts, such as baseball scores

Individuals with autism have often been reported to show a lower IQ than matched control children or adults using traditional IQ tests.

True.

Empathizing-systemizing theory of autism

The argument that among those with ASD, the inability to empathize with other people is coupled with a superior ability to systemize objects or events.

Attention deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)

A disorder of childhood that includes two major dimensions: (1) inattention and (2) hyperactivity and impulsivity.

Treatment for ADHD

Stimulants - methylphenidates (Ritalin), and amphetamines (Adderall).

Learning Disabilities

Diagnosed when a child’s achievement is lower than what is expected from their scores on achievement or intelligence tests.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

The act by which the U.S. Department of Education defines the services required to be provided to students with learning disabilities.

Specific Learning Disorder

A disorder in which a child shows problems in one of the major school tasks.

DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR formally categorize learning disabilities as _____ _____ ______.

Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD)

A disorder characterized by intellectual disabilities in which the person does not meet normal developmental milestones.

Down Syndrome

A disorder resulting in both physical and intellectual problems found in individuals with an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Fragile X Syndrome

A chromosome disorder that results in intellectual developmental disorder due to the FMR1 gene producing too little of a protein needed for brain development.

Manic depression

(Bipolar Disorder) A mood disorder characterized by the experience of both mania and depression.

Mania

The experience of tremendous energy and euphoria, require little sleep & very active

Bipolar Disorder

Previously known as manic depression, a mood disorder characterized by the experience of both depression and mania.

Unipolar depression

A mood disorder characterized by the experience of depression without mania.

Melancholia

Now known as depression; described by Hippocrates, Galen, and Aretaeus. Includes symptoms of dissatisfaction with life, restlessness, etc.

What major figure experienced symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Abraham Lincoln

major depressive disorder (MDD)

A mood disorder characterized by depressed mood for at least 2 weeks, in which one feels sad or empty without any sense of pleasure in one’s activities. (Most commonly diagnosed mental disorder among adults)

Cortisol

A hormone released in response to stress.

Intergenerational transmission of depression

The concept that depression in an individual is influenced by having one or more parents who are depressed. 

Cognitive model of depression

Developed by Aaron Beck. A model that proposes that individuals with depression display a bias in the way they search for and process information

Negative Cognitive Triad

The concept that an individual with depression has a negative pattern of thinking regarding the self, the world, and prospects for the future. 

Macrophage theory of depression

The model that proposes that the malfunctioning of cytokines may be involved in depression.

Depression in terms of resource conservation

The theory that depressive mood has an evolutionary benefit in that it protects the organism by conserving energy.

Depression in terms of social competition

The theory that offers an evolutionary explanation that depression is seen in the context of hierarchies as an involuntary de-escalating strategy, which signals to the other individual that he has won.

Depression in terms of attachment

The theory that offers an evolutionary explanation that depression is a protective mechanism that prevents further critical losses, as depressed mood reduces the desire of the individual to immediately enter a social relationship in which there could be an adverse outcome, and behaviors send signals to others of submission and helplessness.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A treatment for depression in which an electrical current is passed through the brain for a brief period.

Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS)

A treatment for depression in which an electrical stimulator is surgically implanted next to the vagus and then connected to a pulse generator in the person’s chest, like a pacemaker in the heart.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A treatment for depression in which an electromagnetic coil is placed on the scalp; from the coil, a magnetic field induces a small electrical current in the first few centimeters of the brain, which depolarizes the neurons.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A treatment for depression in which electrodes are placed in the brain and connected to a pulse generator in the chest, which influences electrical activity in certain parts of the brain.

Transference

An important mechanism in which the client tends to see the therapist in terms of significant others in the client’s life.

Bipolar I

For a diagnosis of _______, an individual needs to display three of the following seven characteristics:

1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity

2. Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep)

3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking

4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing

5. Distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli), as reported or observed

6. Increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation (i.e., purposeless non-goal-directed activity)

7. Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g., engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments)

In ______, these characteristics manifest in one or more manic episodes. In this classification, the mania needs to last a week unless medication is given.

________ does not require any depressive symptoms for the diagnosis

Main distinctions between Bipolar I and II

The severity & duration of manic episodes. (I > II)

A diagnosis of Bipolar II requires ____________________.

at least one hypomanic episode

Hypomania

A milder form of mania, characterized by an elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced need for sleep, lasting at least four consecutive days.

Cyclothymic disorder

a disorder characterized by mood changes that are not as severe as would be required in the criteria for manic or depressive episodes.

The three neurotransmitters that have been studied in relation to bipolar disorder are _______.

norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.

This person distinguished unipolar and bipolar

Karl Leonhard.

Suicidal ideation

Thinking often of suicide.

Who first coined the term “suicide” in 1642

Sir Thomas Browne

Psychological stress

The uncomfortable reaction when something we do not expect or cannot control happens to us. 

Which gene has been associated with aggression in mice and humans? (Also encodes brain enzyme MAO-A and makes serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine inactive)

(MOAO) Monoamine oxidase A

Autonomic nervous system

innervates a variety of organs, resulting in the release of fast-acting catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine. 

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

The hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal pathway, which is activated during times of stress.

Overactivity or under activity in ____ has seen a number of psychopathologies.

HPA Axis

________ in the blood results in the adrenal glands producing ______, which in turn increases blood sugar levels thus increasing the energy available to our bodies during stress. 

ACTH; glucocorticoids

Who initially described the stress response as a bodily response to danger?

Walter Cannon (1932)

Fight-or-flight response

The overall stress reaction in which the body prepares you either to fight or leave the scene. 

The three functions of the Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

1. Maintain homeostatic conditions

2. To coordinate the body’s response to exercise and stress

3. Helping the endocrine system regulate reproduction

Sympathetic division

A branch of the ANS that connects with its target through the middle part of the spinal cord, responsible for the fight-or-flight response.

Parasympathetic division

A branch of the ANS involved in the restoration of bodily reserves and the elimination of waste. 

Adrenergic

Producing the adrenal reaction of energizing the body.

When stressed, your body has a suppressed _______ _______.

Immune system

Psychoneuroimmunology

The study of how psychological factors can influence the immune system.

Cytokines

Signaling proteins, can lead individuals to develop certain types of depression if malfunctioning. Similarities between sickness and depression.

Who coined the term stress in 1936?

Hans Selye

General adaption syndrome (GAS)

Selye’s model of how the body reacts similarly to a variety of different stressors in three stages: The alarm stage, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage.

Alarm stage (GAS)

Initial reaction to stress.

Resistance stage (GAS)

This stage represents an adjustment to the stress.

Exhaustion stage (GAS)

The stage where the body’s resources are depleted.

Allostasis

Bruce McEwen; refers to the body’s ability to achieve stability through change.

Allostatic load

The cumulative wear and tear on the body by responding to stressful conditions. 

Tend-and-befriend response

A response to stress associated with the tendency of females to take care of others and form social connections in times of stress, as opposed to the fight-or-flight response by most males.

Support for the presence of gender differences in response to stress has come from the work of ______.

Repetti (1989)

Why did researchers initially not see differences in male and female responses to stress?

Females were not studied in this research.

The three most significant disorders in the DSM-5-TR that result from the experience of stress

Adjustment disorders, acute stress disorder, and PTSD

Adjustment disorders

disorders in which the reactions to an event are way out of proportion compared to the severity of the actual event.

Acute stress disorder

A short-term reaction to trauma that lasts from 3 days to 1 month. introduced in DSM IV

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A long-term reaction to traumatic events that last longer than 1 month.

Prolonged grief disorder

Characterized by intense, persistent grief that causes problems and interferes with everyday life. 

Exposure therapy for PTSD

A therapy designed for the individual to re-experience the original trauma.