Understanding Scientific Research Concepts

These flashcards cover fundamental concepts related to scientific research methods and terminology, aiding in understanding and preparing for examinations in this area.

Research Question

A clear, focused question that guides a study and is grounded in existing literature.

Hypothesis

A statement predicting the relationship between variables in a study, often framed in falsifiable terms.

Variable

A construct that is measurable and can vary from one individual to another in a study.

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable

The outcome variable that is hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable.

Predictor Variable

In non-experimental research, the variable that suggests or forecasts the outcome of another variable.

Criterion Variable

In non-experimental research, the outcome or effect that is being measured.

Confounding Variable

A variable that may influence the dependent variable and confuse the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Operational Definition

A definition that specifies the exact procedures or measures used to define a construct in a study.

Population

The complete set of individuals or entities that a research study is concerned with.

Sample

A subset of the population selected for participation in a study.

Random Sampling

A sampling method where each participant has an equal chance of being selected, ensuring the sample represents the population.

Convenience Sample

A sample selected based on ease of access rather than random selection, which may bias results.

Internal Validity

The extent to which a study can establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

External Validity

The extent to which study results can be generalized to populations and real-world settings.

Literature Review

A comprehensive survey of existing research on a particular topic that informs the development of a research question or hypothesis.

Construct

An abstract concept that represents a non-tangible idea which researchers aim to study.

Operationalization

The process of defining a construct in measurable terms for a study.