Normal Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption RD Terms

DRI

Dietary reference intake; used to guide nutrient intake in healthy people

Xerophthalmia

Dry eyes, lack of vitamin A

Xerostoma

Dry mouth, can be caused by medications, medical treatments, aging, and certain diseases

Hyperkeratosis

Thickening of skin

RDA

Recommend dietary allowance; intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements for 97-98% of all healthy people

AI

Adequate intake; When evidence insufficient enough to develop and RDA; set at a level assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy

UL

Tolerable upper intake level; maximum intake that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects

EAR

Estimated average requirement- nutrient intake level estimated to meet the needs of 50% of people of a certain age and sec group; determines the RDA

AMDR

Acceptable macronutrient distribution range; 45-65% CHO, 10-35% PRO, 20-35% FAT

Saturated fats DGA

<10% kcal/day

Added sugar DGA?

<10% kcal/day added sugars

What deficiency occurs from Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Thiamin deficiency and caused by alcoholics

Kcal/ g for alcohol?

7 cal/g and empty calories

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

Carcinogenic compounds form when meat is cooked at high temps and/or char forms

Aflatoxins

Created by fungi that live on corn and peanuts

Hydrazines

Formed from toxins found in certain mushrooms and destroyed by cooking

Lectins

Glycoproteins found in legumes and grains

Health claims

Describe relationship between substance or ingredient and the reduced risk of a dz or health condition

Qualified health claim

Doesn’t meet evidence level required (aka qualifying information)

Nutrient content claims

Compare amount of nutrient or dietary substance (free, low, high, more, reduced, and lite)

Structure/function claims

Describes how ingredient may affect structure or function of the body

Ex. Calcium builds strong bones

What does made with organic mean?

At least 70% of the final products ingredients meet organic criteria

What does organic mean?

Must have at least 95% organic ingredients

Aldosterone

Hormone involved in fluid homeostasis; increases water and electrolyte absorption in colon

Glucocorticoids

Another hormone that increases water and electrolyte absorption

Butyrate

Main energy source for enterocytes in colon and can stimulate intestinal gluconeogenesis and has anti-cancer properties

Acetate

Crucial for growth of other gut microbiota and may be transported throughout the body where it is used in cholesterol metabolism and lipogenesis

Propionate

Used by Colin epithelial cells for energy but also transported to the liver where it can participate in gluconeogenesis

What vitamins are produced by large intestine bacteria?

Vitamin K and all 8 B vitamins

Gastrin

Produced in stomach by gastric cells; stimulates secretion of gastric acid, intrinsic factor, and pepsinogen

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Excessive gastrin production due to gastrinomas in SI or pancreas

CCK (cholecystokinin)

Improved digestion by slowing gastric emptying, stimulating bile production, and the release of pancreatic juice

Release in response to fat and protein in the stomach

Secretin

Regulates duodenal pH by inhibiting further gastric acid secretion

GLP-1

Increase insulin, inhibit glucagon release, reduces gastric motility and increases feelings of fullness

Vitamin D requirements for breastfed babies?

400mcg