Diagnostic Imaging VTNE Review Questions

Which contrast study of the GI tract is monitored until contrast medium reaches the colon?




a. gastrography




b. upper GI series




c. barium enema




d. esophagography

(B) an upper GI series is a contrast study of the GI tract that is monitored until contrast medium reaches the colon










This contrast study is used ot evaluate the stomach and small intestine. The contrast medium is administered orally and films are made during transit of the contrast medium through the stomach and small bowel into the colon

Which of the following is not a reason that survey radiographic films should always be made before administering contrast medium?




a. to establish proper exposure technique




b. to establish proper patient preparation




c. to make a diagnosis




d. to help determine the dosage of contrast medium

Survey radiographic films should always be made before administering contrast medium to establish proper exposure technique, establish proper patient preparation, and to make a diagnosis but not to (d) help determine the dosage of contrast medium










The dose of contrast medium is calculated using the weight of the animal

Which contrast study listed is used to detect ectopic ureters?




a. excretory urogram




b. urethrography




c. vaginography




d. positive-contrast cystography

The contrast study used to detect ectopic ureters is (A) excretory urogram










An excretory urogram identifies the shape, size, location, and marigination of the kidneys and ureters. IT also shows where the ureters terminate

With the heel effect, the x-ray beam intensity is greater toward the




a. anode




b. collimator




c. cathode




d. tube window

With the heel effect the x-ray beam intensity is greater toward the (C) cathode










The cathode end of the x-ray beam has the higher x-ray beam intensity because of the angle of the target on the anode

Which of these factors does not affect the amount of penumbra on a radiographic film and does not contribute tot he penumbra?




a. object-film distance




b. kVp




c. focal-film distance




d. focal-spot size

The factors which contribute to amount of penumbra on a radiographic film are the object-film distance, the focal-film distance, and teh focal-spot size but not the (b) kVp










Penumbra is the blurred margin of an image.The kVp controls the penetration power and scale of contrast on the film; it has no effect on the penumbra, which causes a loss of detail. There are 3 main factors in the amount of penumbra on a radiographic film; these are the focal-film distance, the object-film distance, and the focal-spot size

The spinning-top test is performed when you suspect a problem with the




a. mA stations




b. X-ray tube




c. timer




d. kVp

The spinning-top test is performed when you suspect a problem with the (c) timer










The spinning top shows the number of dots produced during the exposure. This represents the number of x-ray pulses produced during that exposure time. If the number of dots is incorrect, there is a problem with the timer

A good layout of a darkroom should include dry-bench and wet-bench areas separate from each other. Select the area where each task should be performed from the two choices given.




Loading and unloading cassettes




a. wet bench




b. dry bench

loading and unloading cassettes should be performed on the (b) dry bench

A good layout of a darkroom should include dry-bench and wet-bench areas separate from each other. Select the area where each task should be performed from the two choices given.




Drying washed films




a. wet bench




b. dry bench

Drying washed films should occur on the (a) wet bench

A good layout of a darkroom should include dry-bench and wet-bench areas separate from each other. Select the area where each task should be performed from the two choices given.




Film storage




a. dry bench




b. wet bench

Film should be stored in the (a) dry bench

A good layout of a darkroom should include dry-bench and wet-bench areas separate from each other. Select the area where each task should be performed from the two choices given.




Film processing.




a. dry bench




b. wet bench

Film should be processed on the (b) wet bench

What is the international unit of ionizing radiation exposure, abbreviated as R? a. Remb. Radc. Roentgend. Radon

The international unit of ionizing radiation exposure, abbreviated as R is (C) RoentgenExposure units are physical amounts of radiation known as roentgens. Absorbed units are rads, and the measurement of biologic effect is a rem measurement. Radon is a radioactive gas

The Nonoccupational maximum permissible radiation dose for an individual is what proportion of the occupation dose?a. 5%b. 10%c. 15%d. 20%

The nonoccupational maximum permissible radiation dose for an individual is 10% of the occupation dose.Nonoccupationally exposed persons can receive 10% of the occupational dose. The maximum permissible dose (MPD) for the general public is set a much lower level because the public is not monitored and is untrained to recognize and avoid exposure

Where is the most effective place to wear an x-ray film badge?a. on the beltb. on the shirt collar outside of the apronc. on the handd. in the area of anatomic risk

The most effective place to wear an x-ray film badge is (B) on the shirt collar outside of the apron

What is the minimum aluminum filter equivalent for x-ray machines with an output greater than 70 kVp?a. 1 mmb. 1.5 mmc. 2.5 mmd. 5 mm

the minimum aluminum filter equivalent for x-ray machines with an output greater than 70 kVp is (c) 2.5 mmAll states have one safety code in common. IT requires that at least 2.5 mm of aluminum filtration of the primary beam be used in any diagnostic machine with capacity of 70 kVp

Aluminum filters remove what part of the x-ray beam?a. high energyb. low energy c. gamma raysd. infrared rays

Aluminum filters remove (b) the low energy part of the x-ray beamThe filter eliminates the less penetrating or "soft" x-rays which have low energy

The minimum standard of lead equivalent for protective aprons and gloves is a. 0.25 mmb. 0.3 mmc. 0.4 mmd. 0.5 mm

The minimum standard of lead equivalent for protective aprons and gloves is (D) 0.5 mmREgulations in veterinary radiography require 0.5 mm of lead equivalent in the aprons and gloves because the restrainer is often very close to the primary beam

If an operator can increase the distance from the primary beam by a factor of 2, what would be the resultant dose of radiation?a. 1/3b. 1/2c. 1/4d. 1/10

If an operator can increase the distance from the primary beam by a factor of 2, the resultant dose of radiation would be 1/4 of the original intensityThe intensity of the primary x-ray beam is inversely proportion to the source-image distance. AT twice the distance, the beam intensity is 1/4 of the original intensity

which of the following substantially reduces the amount of radiation needed to produced diagnostic radiographic films?a. chemical restraintb. mobile leaded shieldsc. collimators d. rare earth screens

(D) rare earth screens substaintially reduce the amount of radiation needed to produce diagnostic radiographic films the reduced radiation need for diagnostic x-rays with rare earth intensifying screens considerably reduces the exposure risk to the technician

which of the following increases the chance of exposure to ionizing radiation?a. high line voltageb. retakes (repeated exposures)c. increased focal-film distanced. failure to check tank developing temperature

(b) retakes (repeated exposures) increases the chance of exposure to ionizing radiation When more radiographs are made, there is more chance of exposure to ionizing radiation

What safety feature on x-ray machine limits the size of the primary beam and reduces secondary x-ray exposure to the operator?a. filterb. collimatorc. leaded glassd. dead-man switch

(B) the collimator limits the size of the primary beam and reduces secondary x-ray exposure to the operator careful collimation reduces the amount of secondary scatter and therefore reduces exposure of the operator

How often are radiation-monitoring film-badges reports usually submitted?a. weeklyb. monthlyc. semiannuallyd. annually

Radiation-monitoring film-badges reports are usually submitted (b) monthly

Exposure of personnel to radiation should be monitored if there is a reasonable possibility that individuals will be exposed to what fraction of the MPD?a. 1/4b. 1/2c. 1/3d. Equal to the MPD

Exposure of personnel to radiation should be monitored if there is a reasonable possibility that individuals will be exposed to 1/4 of the MPD Radiation protection is regulated by the national committee on radiation protection and measurements. their recommendation is to supply monitoring badges at a potential level of 1/4 MPD

What device offers technicians the least protection from x-radiationa. leaded apronb. leaded glassesc. dosimeter badged. cassette holder

Leaded aprons, leaded glasses, and cassette holders offer the technicians protection from x-radiant but a (c) dosimeter badge does not, it only detects radiation

Which of the following is a physical property of x-rays?a. travel in straight linesb. refract and reflect similar to visible lightc. are visible in the darkd. may be deflected by magnets

one of the physical properties of x-rays is (A) they travel in straight lines travel of x-ray photons is in a straight line until there is interaction with matter. the direction of the primary beam is then altered. photons possess no electrical charge and are not affected by either magnetic or electric fields and they cannot be refracted or reflected as per visible light

as the wavelength of x-ray photons shortens, the energy of the x-ray beam willa. stay the sameb. lengthc. decreased. increase

as the wavelength of x-ray photons shortens, the energy of the x-ray beam will (d) increaseas with other forms of electromagnetic radiation as the wavelength becomes shorter, the frequency of the x-ray beam increases. frequency is measured by the number of cycles that pass a stationary point per second. the higher the frequency, the greater the energy and penetrating power

the kVp setting on an ex-ray machine controls the a. quality of the x-ray beamb. quantity of x-ray beamsc. number of electrons emittedd. focal spot size

the kVp setting on an ex-ray machine controls the (A) QUALITY OF THE X-RAY BEAMSkilovoltage peak or kVP determines the peak energy of the x-rays which determines the penetrating power, a quality of the x-ray beam

The milliampere-seconds (mAs) setting on an x-ray machine controls the a. quality of the beamb. quantity of x-rays emittedc. speed of electrons emittedd. wavelength of the beam

The milliampere-seconds (mAs) setting on an x-ray machine controls the (b) quantity of the x-rays emitted Milliampere seconds or mAs determines the amount of the electrical energy applied to the filament per second and determines the number of x-rays produced during the exposure

During an exposure, electrons in the x-ray tube travel from the a. anode to the cathodeb. anode to the targetc. cathode to the anoded. cathode to the filament

During an exposure, electrons in the x-ray tube travel from the (c) cathode to the anodethe cathode provides the source of electrons at the filament and kilovoltage directs the elctrons to the anode during the exposure

To produce x-rays, a great deal of energy in an x-ray tube is converted into heat. the ratio of heat generated to x-ray production is generaly considered to be a. 1%:99%b. 99%:1%c. 50%:50%d.75%:25%

To produce x-rays, a great deal of energy in an x-ray tube is converted into heat. the ratio of heat generated to x-ray production is generally considered to be (b) 99%:1%999 time more heat than actual x-rays is produced in an x-ray tube. part of this is the heat of the cathode filament, and part is produced when the elctron beam strikes the focal spot on the anode target. modern x-ray tubes are designed to preven this large amount of heat from destroying the x-ray tube

the acceleration of the electrons and their ultimate striking energy is determined by the a. milliamperage (mA)b. kilovoltage (kVp)c. milliamperage-seconds (mAs) d. exposure time (Time)

the acceleration of the electrons and their ultimate striking energy is determined by the (c) kilovoltage (kVp)the kilovoltage peak (kVp) determines the maximum speed of the electrons flowing across the x-ray tube. this determines the maximum energy of the x-ray photons produced and thus their penetrating power

when depressing the "prep" switch on a rotating anode x-ray machine, you are effectively a. determine the acceleration of the electronsb. taking the exposurec. heating up the focal spot and spinning the rotating anoded. heating up the filament and spinning the rotating anode

when depressing the "prep" switch on a rotating anode x-ray machine, you are effectively (d) heating up the filament and spinning the rotating anodebefore the electrons can be boiled off, the filament has to be at a proper temperature, and the anode must be rotating at the correct speed in preparation for the elctrons and subsequent heat. the focal spot (choice c), is the area on the target thar receives the electrons. the kVp determiens the acceeleration, (choice a) and the exposure is not made until the exposure button is depressed (choice b)

regarding the production of x-rays in the x-ray tube, the a. purpose of the anode is to provide a source of electronsb. target and focal spot are provided by the cathodec. cathode side of the tube is positively charged and thea node is negatively chargedd. cathode includes the filament and the focusing cup

regarding the production of x-rays in the x-ray tube, the (d) cathode includes the filament and the focusing cup the x-ray tube provides the source of the electrons, a method of accelerating them, a target for the interaction of the electrons to change into x-ray photons and heat, a method of heat disspation, and a glass envelope to maintain the evacuated path for the accelerated electrons to travel, the negatively charged cathode provides the source of electrons through the heated filament, the focusing cup helps direct the path, and the kVp provicdes the method of acceleration. the anode provides the target and focal spot

what transofrmer in an x-ray machine controls the temperature of the filament?a. step-up transformerb. step-down transformerc. autotransofmerd. self-rectifying transformer

the (B) step-down transformer controls the temperature of the filament in the x-ray machine minimum energy is needed for heating the tungsten filament, so a step-down transformer is palced between the cathode filament and the power supply tot he x-ray machine. the extreme incoming voltage of 110 to 220 volts would cause instant evaporation of the filament. the step-down transformer decreases the incoming voltage to 10 V. a step-up transformer "(choice a) is necessary for increasing the incoming voltage to kilovoltage to transport the electrons at a fast enough speed to produce x-rays

the heel effect is going to be more noticeable with a. larger film, longer focal-0film distance and higher kVpb. larger film, shorter focal-film distance, and lower kVPc. smaller film, shoert focal-film distance, and higher kVpd. smaller film, longer focal-film distance, and lower kVp

the heel effect is going to be more noticeable with ("b) larger film, shorter focal-film distance, and lower kVpbecause of the angle of the anode, there is a greater intesnity of the x-ray beam toward the cathode side. as with beams of light, there is increase spread of the beam from the source. the divergent effects are more noticable with larger film, because a greater percentage of the beam is affected. the full effect of the beam and the variation in intensity are more noticeable with shorter focal-film distance. at lower kVp there is a greater variation in the intensity of the beam as compared to higher kVp which leads to a more noticeable heel effect.

heavy lines on processed radiographs are most likely due to a. too high kVpb. light leaking into the cassettec. roller marks from an automatic processord. too low mA

heavy lines on processed radiograph are most likely due to (c) roller marks from an automatic processorlight leaks appear as black aareas, not generalized heavy lines

all are true staetments regarding fast film excepta. has large silver halide crystalb. requires more exposure by x-rays c. produces a grainier image that lacks definition d. has less latitude in exposure factors

regarding fast film it has large silver halidide crystas; it produces a grainer image that lacks definition; it has less latitude in expsoures factors but it is false that (B) it requires more epxosure by x-rays fast film requires less exposure by x-rays

if a radiograph is too light and the image appears underpenetrated you should a. increase mAs 30 to 50% b. decrease kVp 10 to 15% c. decrease mAs 30 to 50% d. increase kVp 10 to 15%

if a radiograph is too light and the image appears underpenetrated you should (d) increase kVp 10 to 15%

if a radiograph is too dark but the image shows adequate penetration you should a. increase mAs 30 to 50% b. decrease kVp 10 to 15% c. decrease mAs 30 to 50% d. increase mAs 10 to 15%

if a radiograph is too dark but the image shows adequate penetration you should (c) decrease mAs 30 to 50%

if a film is too light but the image shows adequate penetration you should a. increase mAs 30 to 50% b. decrease kVp 10 to 15%c. decrease mAs 30 to 50%d. increase kVp 10 to 15%

if a film is too light but the image shows adequate penetration you should (a) increase mAs 30 to 50%

if a film is too dark and the image appears overpenetrated you should a. increase mAs 30 to 50%b. decrease kVp 10 to 15%c. decrease mAs 30 to 50% d. increase kVp 10 to 15%

if a film is too dark and the image appears overpenetrated you should (b) decrease kVp 10 to 15%

the technique chart should be modified by increasing the mAs by 50% for which of the following patients?a. a kittenb. excessively thin animalsc. animals with ascites d. animals with pneumothorax

the technique chart should be modified by increasing the mAs by 50% for (c) animals with ascites

Mitchell markers are used primarily in standing radiography of the equine head to assist in identifying a. right or left sideb. fluid levels in the paranasal sinusesc. patient being radiographedd. tooth in quest

Mitchell markers are used primarily in standing radiography of the equine head to assist in identifying (b) fluid levels in paranasal sinuses

the unit of absorbed ionizing radiation dose is a. maximum permissible b. Gray(Gy) c. Sievert (Sv) d. Rem

the unit of absorbed ionizing radiation dose is (B) Gray (Gy)

the workplace program that has been developed to ensure radiation exposures are kept as low as possible is A. ALARAB. MPDC. NCRPD. NIOSH

the workplace program that has been developed to ensure radiation exposures are kept as low as possible is (a) ALARAALARA stands for "As low as reaosnably achievable" which means to use a technique to keep exposure levels to aminimum yet take a diagnostic quality film

if racks are present in protective apparel, they appear ___ when radiographed a. greyb. whitec. blackd. cldear

if racks are present in protective apparel, they appear (C) black when radiographed

the minimum age, in years, for a person to be involved in radiographic procedures is a. 14b. 16c. 18d. 21

the minimum age, in years, for a person to be involved in radiographic procedures is (C) 18

one sievert (Sv) equals a. 1 remb. 100 radc. 1 radd. 100 rem

one sievert (Sv) equals (d) 100 rem

which of the following is a false staetment regarding scatter radiation?a. the main source of radiation exposure to the veterinary technician comes from the area of patient that is exposed during radiographyb. scatter radiation is of concern because it decreases film quality and increases radiation c. scatter radiation is composed of high-energy x-ray photons that have undergone a change in direction after interacting with structures in the patient's bodyd. the best way to decrease radiation exposure is to use beam-limiting devices and pay clsoe attention to technical factors to avoid retakes

regarding scatter radiation the main source of radiation exposure to the veterinary technician comes from the area of the patient that is exposed during radiography; scatter radiation is of concern because it decreases film quality and increases radiation; the best way to decrease radiation exposure is to use beam-limiting devices and pay close attention to technical factors to avoid retakes but it is false that (C) scatter radiation is composed of high-energy x-ray photons that have undergone a change in direction after interacting with structures int he patient's body scatter radiation has lower energy than the primary beam that produced it

a noninvasive imaging procedure that uses a small amount of radioactive material administered intravenously is a. ultrasoundb tomographyc. magnetic resonance d. scintigraphy

a noninvasive imaging procedure that uses a small amount of radioactive material administered intravenously is (d) scintigraphynuclear scintigraphy is a noninvasive imaging technique used in horses primarily

the imgagin technique that involes a piezolectric crystal within a transducer is a. ultrasoundb. tomographyc. magnetic resonanced. scintigraphy

the imgagin technique that involes a piezolectric crystal within a transducer is (a) ultrasound

the ultrasound term that refers to few echoes detected and the area is a low-level gray compared with the surrounding tissue is a. anechoicb. hyperechoicc. echoicd. hypoechoic

the ultrasound term that refers to few echoes detected and the area is a low-level gray compared with the surrounding tissue is (D) hypoechoic

the imaging technique that uses x-rays and computers to produce images that show anatomy in a cross section is a. scintigraphyb. CTc. MRId. Fluroscopy

the imaging technique that uses x-rays and computers to produce images that show anatomy in a cross section is (b) CT

which of the following involves no ionizing radiation to create the image?a. scintigraphyb. CTc. MRId. Fluroscopy

(c) MRI involves no ionizing radiation to create the image

assume that you are going to produce a technique chart by holding mAs constant whilte varying kVp. use Sante's rule to calculate the trial kVp that you would use for canine thorax using the following parameters: thorax measurement = 16 cm, assume no grid is to be used and the focal-film distance = 40 ina. 72 kVpb. 82 kVpc. 160 kVpd. 40 kVp

assume that you are going to produce a technique chart by holding mAs constant whilte varying kVp. using Sante's rule and the following parameters : thorax measurement = 16 cm, assume no grid is to be used and the focal-film distance = 40 in, the trial kVp for the canine thorax would be (a) 72 kVpSante's rule allows one to calcuelate kVp using the following formula: kVp = 2 x thickness measurement (cm) + 40

the maximum permissible dose (MPD) for whole-body radiation per year in sieverts is a. 0.05b. 0.50c. 5.0 d. not established

the maximum permissible dose (MPD) for whole-body radiation per year in sieverts is (a) 0.05the MPD for personnel is 0.05 sieverts per year of whole-body radiation

which of the following is the best definition for ionizing radiation dose equivalent?a. quantity of energy from ionizing radiation per unit mass of tissue b. the quantity of radiation per unit mass taking into consideration the biologic effect on specific tissue typesc. the number of grays of exposure per yeard. the number of rads of exposure per year

ionizing radiation dose equivalent is defined as (B) the quantity of radiation per unit mass taking into consideration the biologic effect on specific tissue types the quantity of ionizing radiation per unit of body mass best defines absorbed odse of radiation. dose equivalent measurements take into accoun tthe variable biologic effect of this ionizing radiation across tissue types. it better represents the functional effect of the radiation on various tissue types. grays are a unit of measurement for absorbed dose estimates and have replaced the unit formally used, called a rad

the primary difference between an OFA and a PennHIP evaluation is that a. PennHIP focuses on the degree of joint laxity using three viewsb. OFA focuses on the degree of joint laxity using three views c. OFA provides specific parameters for various breeds of dogsd. PennHIP does not require special training of personnel

the primary difference between an OFA and a PennHIP evaluation is that (A) PennHIP focuses on the degree of joint laxity using three views three views are taken for a PennHIP evaluation and the primary predictor of susceptiblity to hip dysplasia is the degree of joint laxity. specific paramters are published for various breeds of dogs based on a large database. veterinary staff must receieve special traning before perfomring the PennHIP procedure as a diagnostic tool

to prevent geometric distortion when performing radiographs, which of the following guidelines should be followed?a. the primary x-ray beam should be perpendicular to the object of interest and the patient should be positioned parallel to the filmb/ the primary x-ray beam should be parallel to the object of interst and the patient should be positioned parallel ot he film c. there is no magnificaiton or distortion that can occur if the patient is located close to the filmd. geometric distortion can occur in very large-breed animals only

to prevent geometric distortion when performing radiographs a. the primary x-ray beam should be perpendicular to the object of interest and the patient should be positioned parallel to the filmgeometric distortion, such as foreshortening, can occurw hent he beam is not directed perpendicularly to the object of intersted and/or when the patient is not parallel to the film

when must radiographs be labeled for certification organizations and for legal purposes?a. before exposure and after processingb. during or after exposure but before processingc. after exposure and after processing d. before mailing or filing

radiographs be labeled for certification organizations and for legal purposes(B) during or after exposure but before processing for radiographic films to be legal in court and for the certification organizaiton to accept them they must be permanently identified. this can be done during the exposure iwth lead letters or radiopaque tape or after expsorue but the film should be identified before the film is processed with manual or photo labelers

what is the total time the film should be placed in the fixera. two times the developing timeb. three times the developing timec. the same as teh developing timed. 30 seconds

film should be placed in the fixer for (a) two times the developing time the tota time the film must be in the fixer is double the time it was in the developer. the film can be viewed on a view box after the film has been in the fixer for 30 seconds only; however it must be placed back in the fixer for the remaining time to complete the process

a radiographic film of a dog's thorax is made. what occurs when the flm is place din the developer?a. the sensitized silver halide crystals are changed into black metallic silverb. the potassium bromide crystals are changed into black metallic silverc. the silver halide crystals are cleared from the film d, all of the silver halide crystals are changed into black metallic silver

a radiographic film of a dog's thorax is made, when the film is placed in the developer (a) the sensitized silver halide crystals are changed into black metallic silver

when manually processing films. there are two methods for maintaining the tanks: the exhausted methods and the replenishing method. Match the method with the statement given.allows chemicals to drain from the film back into their respective tanks a. exhausted methodb. replenshing method

when manually processing films. there are two methods for maintaining the tanks: the exhausted methods and the replenishing method. the (a) exhausted method allows chemicals to drain from the film back into their respective tanks

when manually processing films. there are two methods for maintaining the tanks: the exhausted methods and the replenishing method. Match the method with the statement given.this method allows chemicals to drain into the wash tank only a. exhausted method b. replenishing method

when manually processing films. there are two methods for maintaining the tanks: the exhausted methods and the replenishing method. the (B) replenishing method allows chemicals to drain into the wash tank only

when manually processing films. there are two methods for maintaining the tanks: the exhausted methods and the replenishing method. Match the method with the statement given.periodically, chemicals are added to bring chemical levels back up tot he top of the tanks a. exhausted methodb. replenishing method

when manually processing films. there are two methods for maintaining the tanks: the exhausted methods and the replenishing method. in the (B) replenishing method periodically, chemicals are added to bring chemical levels back up tot he top of the tanks

how often should manual processing tanks be drained and cleaned and old chemicals replaced with fresh chemicals?a. one a dayb. once a weekc. at least every 3 monthsd. once a year

(C) at least every 3 months manual processing tanks be drained and cleaned and old chemicals replaced with fresh chemicalsthe fluids in manual processing tanks should be changed at least every 3 months. in busy practices the frequency may need to be increased to maintian the quality of the radiographic film

what would happen if exposed film were accidentally placed in the fixer before being placed int he developer?a. the radiographic film turns blackb. the radiographic film turns clearc. if the mistake is detected soon enough, the image can be sparedd. the radiographic film appears underexposed

if exposed film were accidentally placed in the fixer before being placed int he developer(b) the radiographic film turns clear the radiographic film is clear because the fixer removes all of the silver halide crystal that remain after being in the developer. if the film has not been placed in the developer, the sensitized silver halide crystals have not yet been changed into black metallic silver. the fixer then removes all of the silver halide crystals clearing the film of any image

the pH of the developer chemicals is a. strongly acidicb. neutralc alkaline d. slightly acidic

the pH of the developer chemicals is (c) alkaline developer chemicals are ketp at an alkaline pH, usually 9.9 to 11.4. develoepr chemicals cannot function in a neutral or acid solution

when reconstituting the powder form of processing chemicals. what is the most important factor to remember?a. always reconstitute the chemicals in the darkroomb. always reconstitute the chemicals under bright lightsc. always use sterile saline to reconstitute the chemicalsd. never reconstitute the chemicals inthe darkroom

when reconstituting the powder form of processing chemicals, it is most important to remember (d) never reconstitute the chemicals in the darkroom the chemicals should be mixed in abucket outside of the darkroom to prevent the chemical dust from contaminating unprotected films, thus causing artifacts

a radiographic film of a cat's thorax is made. when viewing the film you note a decrease in radiographic density and a gray swirly appearance of the background. what caused this problem?a. processing chemicals were too hotb. film was not left in the fixer long enoughc. processing chemicals were too coldd. film was not washed for 30 minutes after processing

a radiographic film of a cat's thorax is made. when viewing the film you note a decrease in radiographic density and a gray swirly appearance of the background. this was caused by (C) the processing chemicals being too cold the processing chemicals should be at least 60 degrees F to be efficient

radiographic films made 5 years earlier have turned brown. what was the cause?a. too long int he developerb. too long in the fixerc incomplete developmentd. incomplete final wash

radiographic films made 5 years earlier have turned brown. this was caused by (d) an incomplete final wash if the films were not completely washed, the fixer that remained in the emulsion would oxidize, turning them a brownish color

when using a direct safelight system, the distance fromt he workbench should be at least a. 20 inches b. 30 inchesc. 48 inchesd. 72 inches

when using a direct safelight system, the distance fromt he workbench should be at least (c) 48 inches a direct system shines the safelight directly toward the workbench. to prevent possible fogging of the film, the safelight should be placed at least 48 inches from the workbench

lateral and ventrodorsal projections of a dog's abdomen are made and manually processed at the same time. however, both radiographic films have identical areas of decreased radiographic density that appears to be artifacts. waht could have ccaused this artifact on both films?a. they stuck together in the fixerb. they stuck together int he developer c. they stuck together in the wash tankd. theyw ere overexposed

lateral and ventrodorsal projections of a dog's abdomen are made and manually processed at the same time. however, both radiographic films have identical areas of decreased radiographic density that appears to be artifacts. this could hae been caused by the film (B) being stuck together in the developer because both had identical areas of decreased density, this meanst he films were stuck together in the developer. the density is decreased because the developer was not able to change the sensitized silver halide crystals into black metalic silver; consequently, the fixer cleared the remaining silver halide crystals. this left areas of decreased density

what is a latent image?a. an image on the film after processingb. calcium tungstate crystals in the film's emulsion that have been exposed to radiant energy before processingc. silver halide crystals inthe film's emulsion that have been exposed to radiant energy before processingd. an image on the film before exposure

a latent image is (c) silver halide crystals in the film's emulsion that have been exposed to radiant energy before processing a latent image is the silver halide crystals in the film's emulsion that have been exposed to radiant energy, causing them to become susceptible to chemical change

screen-type filma. is most sensitive to light produced by the intensifying screenb. is most sensitive to direct x-ray beamsc. requires a longer exposure time than direct-exposure filmd. can be processed manually only

screen-type film (a) is most sensitive to light produced by the intensifying screen screen-type film is more sensitive to the light from intensifying screens than it is to direct x-ray exposure

some direct-exposure film cannot be processed in an automatic processor because a. it tends to scratch too easilyb. the emulsion is too thickc. it cannot tolerate high temperaturesd. it is too sensitive to safelights

some direct-exposure film cannot be processed in an automatic processor because (B) the emulsion is too thick the emulsion is too thick for somet ypes of direct-exposure film to be automatically processed. the processing chemicals cannot reach all of the silver halide crystals in the time that they take to automatically process

direct-exposure film differs from screen-type film in that it requires a a. lower mAsb. higher mAsc. higher kVpd. lower kVp

direct-exposure film differs from screen-type film in that it requires a (b) higher mAsdirect-expsoure film requires that more x-rays be generated to expose it because it does not use the intensifying effect of screens

film is most sensitive a. before exposure and processingb. before exposure but after processingc. after exposure but before processingd. after exposure and processing

film is most sensitive (c) after exposure but before processing film is most sensitive after it has been exposed but before it has been processed. care must be taken when handling the film after it has been exposed

high-speed film has a. larger silver halide crystals than slow-speed film which increases the detail ont he finished radiographic filmb. larger silver halide crystals than slow-speed film which decreases the detail on the finished radiographic filmc. smaller silver halide crystals than slow-speed film which increases the detail on the finished radiographic filmd. the same size silver halide crystals as slow speed film

high-speed film has (b) larger silver halide crystals than slow-speed film which decreases the detail ont he finsiehd radiographic film the crystals size in high-speed film is larger, allowing a decrease in mAs; however the detail is decreased compared with that of slow-speed film

long-latitude film a. produces a short scale of contractb. produces a long scale of contractc. has large calcium tungstate crystals d. cannot be processed manually

long-latitude film (B) produces a long scale of contract

what are the topographic landmarks of the thorax?a. cranial landmark, second cervical vertebra; caudal landmark, fifth thoracic vertebrab. cranial landmark, manubrium sterni; caudal landmark halfway between the xiphoid and the last ribc. cranial landmark, three rib spaces cranial to the xiphoid; caudal landmark, greater trochanterd. cranial landmark, manubrium sterni; caudal landmark, greater trochanter

the tophographic landmarks of the thorax are (b) cranial landmark, manubrium sterni; caudal landmark, halfway between the xiphoid and last rib

what are the topogrphaic landmarks of the abdomen? a. cranial landmark, second cervical vertebra; caudal landmark, fifth thoracic vertebrab. cranial landmark, manubrium sterni; caudal landmark halfway between the xiphoid and the last ribc. cranial landmark, three rib spaces cranial to the xiphoid; caudal landmark, greater trochanterd. cranial landmark, manubrium sterni; caudal landmark, greater trochanter

the topogrpahic landmarks of the abdomen are (c) cranial landmark, three rib spaces cranial to the xiphoid; caudal landmark, greater trochanter

when radiographing the skull in the dorsoventral position, it is important to a. psoition the animal so the tympanic bullae are superimposed over one anotherb. position the animal so the hard palate is perpendicular to the cassette c. remove the endotracheal tube before making the exposure d. place the animal in left lateral recumbency

when radiographing the skull in the dorsoventral position, it is important to (c) remove the endotracheal tube before making the exposure the endotracheal tube is removed to prevent superimposition over the main bony structures

foreshortening occurs when radiographing a long bone and the a. bone is not parallel to the cassette\b. bone is not perpendicular to the cassettec. cassette is of the wrong speedd. exposure technique is incorrect

foreshortening occurs when radiographing a long bone and the (a) bone is not parallel tot he cassette causing the bone to appear shorter than it actually is

when radiographing a joint, why is it important ot center the primary beam on the joint?a. to decrease scatter radiationb. to decrease exposurec. to maximize joint space and minimize false narrowingd. to minimize the joint space and maximize false narrowing

when radiographing a joint, it is important to center the primary beam on a joint (C) to maximize joint space and minimize false narrowing centering the bream on the joint maximizes the size of the joint space and minimizes the amount of false narrowing that can occur as the center of the primary beam is moved away from the joint

a lateral projeciton of a dog's shoulder is made. on finished radiographic film, the manubrium and the trachea are superimposed over the joint space. how can the animal e repositioned to correct this?a. extend the head cranioventrally and relax the caudal extension of the contralateral limbb. extend the head caudodorsally and draw the contralateral limb farther caudallyc. pull the limb being imaged farther caudallyd. nothing, the shoulder cannot be repositioned without superimposing other structures over it

a lateral projeciton of a dog's shoulder is made. on finished radiographic film, the manubrium and the trachea are superimposed over the joint space. the way to reposition the animal to correc this is (b) extend the head caudodorsally and draw the contralateral limb farther caudally extending the head caudodorsally moves the tracchea off of the shoulder joint; extending the contralateral limb farther caudally moves the manubrium away from the shoulder joint

a dorsopalmar-lateromedial oblique projection of a horse's fetlock is made. which sesamoid listed is clearly delineated with this film?a. medialb. lateralc. interdigitald. distal

a dorsopalmar-lateromedial oblique projection of a horse's fetlock is made. the (b) lateral sesamoid is clearly delineated with this film with a dorsopalmar-lateromedial oblique projection, the lateral sesamoid is imaged without superimposition of any other bones

a left 20-degree ventral lateral dorsal oblique projection of a dog's skull is made. which tympanic bulba would be more ventral on the film?a. leftb. rightc. neither, they would be superimposed over one another d. neither, they are not imaged with this projection

a left 20-degree ventral lateral dorsal oblique projection of a dog's skull is made. the (b) right tympanic bulba would be more ventral (more delineated) on this film

what procedure must be followed to take advantage of the heel effect when obtaining a radiographic film?a. place the distal part of the patient toward the anodeb. place the thick or dense part of the patient toward the cathode c. place the thick or dense part of the patient toward the anoded. place the heavy or dense part of the patient in the middle of the beam

in order to take advantge of the heel effect when obtaining a radiographic film you must (B) place the thick or dense part of the patient toward the cathode placing the thick part of the patient toward the cathode of the x-ray tube produces a more uniform density on the radiographic film

what information must be included on a radiographic film for proper identificaiton?a. name and address of the hospital; date (day, month, year); name of the client and patient; age, sex, and breed of the patientb. name of the hospital; date (day, month, year); name of the client and patient c. name and phone number of the hospital; date (day, month, year); name of the clientd. name of the hospital; date (day, month, year); name of the person taking the radiographic film

the information that must be included on a radiographic film for proper identification is (A) name and address of the hospital; date (day, month, year); name of the client and patient; age, sex, and breed of the patientradiographic films are legal medical records and must contain all of the information listed

where hsould the primary beam be centered when radiographic the canine lumbar spine in a ventrodorsal projection?a. L2b. L3c. L4d. L5

the primary beam should be center on (c) L4 when radiographing the canine lumbar spine in a ventrodorsal projection L4 is midway between the pubis and the xiphoid cartilage ina dog lying in the ventrodorsal position

where should the primary beam be centered for a lateral view of the canine thoracic spine?A. T3B. T5C. T7D. T9

the primary beam for a lateral view of the canine thoracic spine should be cenetered on (C) T7T7 is approximately midway between the the 1st and 13th rib

if mA = 100, what is the mAs of the x-ray expsoure technique?a. 1 b. 10c. 100d. 1000

if mA = 100, the mAs of the x-ray exposure technique is (b) 10 mA x time (seconds) = mAs

what x-ray intesifying screen provides the least detail on the developed film?a. low speedb. par speedc. high speedd. rare earth

(c) high speed x-ray intensifying screens provide the least detail on the developed film the larger the crystal size, the more light is produced. high-speed screens have larger crystals, even bigger than the rare-earth crystals

what is the term used to describe the tube-to-film distance?a. focal-film distanceb. focal-object distancec. focal-skin distanced. focal spot

(a) focal-film distance is the term used to describe the tube-to-film distance the distance between the source of an x-ray (focal spot) and the image receptor (x-ray film) is called focal-film distance

when the object-tofilm distance is increased, the image is a. distortedb. magnifiedc, darkenedd. lightened

when the object-tofilm distance is increased, the image is (b) magnified if the object being x-rayed is farther fromt he receptor, the image formed on the film is magnified because the x-ray beam strikes the object farther from the projected shadow

what piece of equipment helps reduce exposure time?a. collimeterb. gridc. rare-earth screensd. rotating anode

(c) rare-earth screens help reduce exposure time x-rays are more efficiently converted to light by rare-earth phosphors than by calcium tungstate, a major factor in reducing exposure time. all of the otehr items have no effect on exposure time reduciton

what is the proper order of manual processing of x-ray film?a. develop, rinse, fix, wash, dryb. rinse, fix, dry, wash, developc. wash, develop, rinse, fix, dryd. fix, wash, develop, dry, rinse

the proper order of manual processing of x-ray film is (A) develop, rinse, fix, wash, dry

subject contrast on radiographic film depends on what two variables?a. focal-film and object-film distanceb. mAs and kVpc. age and species of the subjectd. thickness and density of the anatomic part

subject contrast on radiogrpahic film depends on (d) thickness and density of the anatomic part the area of contrast is dependent upon the density and mass of the tissue or subject

a special study that involves use of negative contrast media is a. myelographyb. pneumocystoramc. nephrogramd. arthrography

a special study that involves use of negative contrast media is (b) pneumocystogram

the field of view of the pelvis for the orthropedic foundation for animals (OFA) includes a. pelvis, femurs, and stiflesb. femurs and stiflesc. lumbar 7 pelvis, and femursd. pelvis and femurs

the field of view of the pelvis for the orthropedic foundation for animals (OFA) includes (A) pelvis, femurs, and stifles