APES - Unit 6 - Human Populations

fertility rate

number of children a woman has during her lifetime

infant mortality

number of children who die before age 5, higher in less-developed countries

demographic transition

four-stage process from high birth and death rates, to declining death rates thanks to better medical care, and eventually lower birthrates due to better education and family planning

developed country

high GDP (income), highly educated and industrialized, long life expectancy, and generally low birthrate

age structure diagram

pyramid that shows the percentage of the population in different age groups

developing country

a country in demographic transition, that is industrializing but still has a very high birth rate. Consumption is lower than in a developed country

rapid growth

more people will be having children in 20 years than are now. Typical of under-developed and early developing countries

slow growth

typical of later developing countries. Growth rate is still increasing

zero growth

same number of people will be having children (ages 0-14) in 20 years as now. No change.

negative growth

fewer people will be having children (ages 0-14) in 20 years than are now. Population will decrease.

What problems are associated with increasing population growth?

Lack of resources, lack of jobs, not enough sanitation, pollution, lack of housing, lack of or increased costs of food and other resources.

What problems are associated with decreasing population growth?

Lack of workers, lack of space in nursing homes, increased costs of healthcare, slow economic growth

demography

study of human populations and how they change over time

reasons population growth increased in the 1800s

Industrial revolution-- better medicine and increased food (death rates declined)

reasons population growth slowed since the 1970s

increased job opportunities for women and family planning

industrialization

amount of a country's income that comes from manufactured goods that they export

replacement rate

number of children each family needs to have in order to replace the parents and have zero population growth (about 2.1 because not every person has children)

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

What are diseases that are caused by unclean water

typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera

infrastructure

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

TFR (total fertility rate)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

cultural carrying capacity

The limit on population growth that would allow most people in an area or the world to live in reasonable comfort and freedom without impairing the ability of the planet to sustain future generations.

Replacement level fertility rate

the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves

GDP

Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Demograph Transition

a model that describes how economic and social changes affect population growth rates

Agricultural Revolution

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

exponential growth

Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

doubling time

70 / (Current % Growth Rate)

Demographics

statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.

total fertility rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

Migration

movement of people from one place to another

Emigration

movement of individuals out of an area

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

age structure

number of males and females of each age in a population

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

pronatalist policies

government policies that encourage child birth such as tax breaks and flexible work hours

antinatalist policies

seek to reduce birth rates and strongly encourage or require that women limit their fertility

pre-industrial stage

birth and death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high

early transition stage

Access to food and medicine improve, leading to a rapid drop in death rates

late transition stage

- Birth control and sex education, woman play a greater role in family planning, Improved diet

- Birth Rates - falling

- Death rates - falls slow

- population: increases slowly

Industrial stage

decline in birth rate, population growth slows

post-industrial stage

the fourth and final stage of the demographic transition model, in which both birth and death rates have fallen to a low level and remain stable there, and populations may even decline slightly